The Cell Cycle

• Mitosis


  the process by which eukaryotic cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
• Chromosomes


  threadlike structure made of protein & a single molecule of DNA which carries genetic information from cell to cell
• Interphases

  G1

  S

  G2
• Centromere

  the connection point of long and short arms of a chromosome
• Order the images in relation to the steps of the cell cycle

  Q, P, J, M, L, G, H

  
• Match the phase to the image

  2 prophase, 4 metaphase, 1 anaphase, 3 telophase

  
• Stages of Mitosis

  prophase

  metaphase

  anaphase

  telophase
• Irene Pour Me Another Tequila Cuz

  interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis ~ Animal cells

  cleavage furrow develops and pinches the plasma membrane into two cells

  
• Cytokinesis ~ Plant cells

  cell wall develops at the equator before separating into two cells

  
• Cell Cycle including checkpoints

  G1

  G1 checkpoint

  S

  G2

  G2 checkpoint

  prophase

  metaphase

  M checkpoint

  anaphase

  telophase

  cytokinesis
• Checkpoints

  G1

  G2

  M ~ mitosis
• What is the importance of checkpoints throughout the cell cycle?

  checkpoints ensure that the process of duplicating DNA is completed without errors.

  if errors are present they are either corrected, or the cell undergoes a death sequence
• G1 Checkpoint

  1

  ensures cell has grown to correct size

  ensures the cell has enough synthesised protein for DNA replication

  checks if DNA has been damaged during mitosis & cell growth
• G2 Checkpoint

  2

  ensures DNA has been replicated properly during the S phase
• M Checkpoint

  3

  checks formation of spindle fibres

  checks if chromosomes are lined up in the correct location
• Steps of Apoptosis

  1. activation of caspases
  2. digestion of cell contents
  3. cell shrinks
  4. membrane blebbing and breakage
• Deviant Cells


  cells which have sustained DNA damage but continue to reproduce, resulting in the development of tumour/cancer
• Characteristics of tumours

  self-sufficiency, antigrowth deactivation, increased survival, blood suply formation, tissue invasion and metastasis
• Properties of stem cells

  self-renewal & potency
• Potency of stem cells

  totipotent

  pluripotent

  multipotent
• Multipotent


  stem cells that can differentiate into a limited number of specialised cell types, belonging to a specific tissue or organ