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• The Propaganda Movement advocated reforms for granting the same rights and freedoms enjoyed in Spain to Filipinos
• Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the Philippines in 1521 became the Spanish crown's basis for the occupation of the archipelago
• Historical periods of the Philippine government

  • Pre-colonial Period
  • Spanish Period
  • Revolutionary Period
  • American Period
  • Japanese Occupation
  • Third Republic
  • Martial Law
  • Fourth Republic & Post-EDSA
• Back then, the Philippines was an archipelago organized into several independent and self-sufficient political units known as the BARANGAY
• Datu


  Chief who heads a Barangay
• Unified barangays were composed of pueblos led by the Gobernadorcillo during the Spanish Period
• The governor-general, with authority based in Manila (Intramuros), was an all-powerful individual during the Spanish Period
• Katipunan


  • Had national and local levels of government: kataastaasang sanggunian (supreme council), sangguniang balangay (provincial council), sangguniang bayan (popular council), sangguniang hukuman (judicial council)
• Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President during the Tejeros Convention in 1897
• The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish-American War, with the United States paying $20 million to Spain for ceding all imperial possessions, including the Philippines
• In 1902, the Philippine Act (Copper Act) was enacted, providing for the creation of a Philippine legislature
• In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act) established the Philippine Commonwealth, preparing Filipinos for self-government over a 10-year transition period
• System of stratification existed during precolonial times based on class: nobility (maharlika), freeman (timawa), the serf (aliping namamahay), the slaves (aliping sagigilid)
• Barangay


  Independent and self-sufficient political units in the pre-colonial Philippines
• Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-bato Republic in 1897, declaring the creation of an independent Philippine state
• The failure of the Propaganda Movement gave birth to a secret association called the Katipunan
• Events led to the division of the Katipunan into two factions: the Magdalo and Magdiwang
• Even before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521, there already existed a system of governance in the pre-colonial Philippines
• Provinces were categorized into alcaldia (fully subjugated) and corregimiento (not entirely pacified) during the Spanish Period
• Formal establishment of a colonial government took place during Miguel de Lopez's conquest of the islands in 1565
• Spaniards appointed the chieftains as the Cabeza de barangay for easier pacification of natives
• William H. Taft became the first civil governor of the Philippines, heading the executive branch and the Philippine Commission
• By 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law) reorganized the Philippine legislature into a fully elected and Filipino-controlled bicameral body
• Initial move by Japanese military forces

  Established the Philippine Executive Commission (PEC), a civil government to temporarily rule the country
• President Manuel Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmena headed the first commonwealth government
• Jose P. Laurel served as the president of the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, also known as the Second Republic
• The Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independent Act) was ratified by the US Congress

  1934
• The structure of postwar Philippine politics and government was founded in the 1935 constitution
• Marcos' second term saw changes in the governmental structure and the ratification of a new constitution in 1973
• The EDSA PEOPLE POWER uprising ousted Marcos and ended his dictatorial rule
• History of Philippine Constitutions

  • Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
  • Commonwealth and Third Republic (1935)
  • Second Republic (1943)
  • The New Society and the Fourth Republic (1973)
  • "The 1986 Freedom Constitution"
  • 1987 Constitution
• A revolutionary government was created following Corazon Aquino's presidency
• Under the Marcos administration, a new constitution was adopted in 1973, providing for a modified parliamentary form of government
• Presidents of the Fifth Republic

  • Corazon Aquino
  • Fidel Ramos
  • Joseph Estrada
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
  • Benigno Aquino III
  • Rodrigo Duterte
• Characteristics of Ferdinand Marcos' administration

  • Increased Agricultural Productivity
  • Massive Infrastructure Development
  • Defining Diplomatic Policy
  • Martial Law
• The Tydings-McDuffie Act established the Philippine Commonwealth, providing for a 10-year transition period for self-government preparation
• The Japanese occupation of Manila signaled the establishment of the Japanese Military Administration

  January 3, 1942
• Presidents of the Third Republic

  • Manuel Roxas
  • Elpidio Quirino
  • Ramon Magsaysay
  • Carlos P. Garcia
  • Diosdado Macapagal
  • Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
• A new constitution was promulgated, and the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic was established

  1943
• In 1969, Ferdinand Marcos was reelected, making him the only president under the 1935 constitution to serve a second term