gen bio 2

• biological diversity is the number and kinds of organism
• evolution- change over time, how present-day organism have descended form ancient ones
• common descent- all organisms share common ancestry.
• phylogenetic tree: represents evolutionary relationships among sets or groups of organism
• taxa- group of descendant/organism
• nodes- common ancestors of those descendants
• sister group- two descendants that split from the same nodes
• equilibrium- very short, rapid period of change followed by long period of stability
• gradualism- changes occur slowly and constantly overtime
• natural selection characteristics nd adaptions that allows them to survive
• descent with modification- descend through generation and change overtime. organism are related to another
• directional selection- changes in environment cause a change
• stabilizing selection- intermediate phenotypes are more likely to survive
• disruptive selection- extreme phenotypes are more likely to adapt
• artificial selection: humans can select breeding
• recombinant- re arrange of genes
• non random mating- selected probability of mating with another individual in the population
• inbreeding- mate with close relatives
• outbreeding- assortive mating
• genetic mutation- changes in structure of a gene caused by alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism
• substitution- has one altered nitrogenous bases
• insertion- nitrogenous bases addition
• deletion- removed of base pairs
• genetic drifting- a changes in populations gene by chance
• population bottleneck- sudden sharp decline to the original population
• founder effect- loss of genetic variation because of migration
• gene flow- new alleles are introduced from one population to another
• emigration- organism leave their habitat
• immigration- organism enter another habitat and live in it
• John Ray:

  • no interbreeding between species
  • used “species”
  • studied fossils and recognized as remnants of organisms that were once alive
• Carl Linnaeus

  • developed the modern taxonomic system
  • kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• KPCOFGS

  kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• Georges Louis Leclerc

  • role of vestigial organs
  • planet had initially formed in a molten state and that its gradual cooling must have taken far longer than 70 000 years
• Erasmus Darwin

  • modern organisms are different from the fossils
  • offspring inherited features from their parents, and organisms today descended from a common ancestor
• Georges Cuvier

  • classified animals based on their body plans
  • gave rise to the science of paleontology
  • recognized that particular groups of fossil organisms were associated with certain rock strata
• Jean Baptiste Lamarck

  • proposed that individuals were able to pass on their traits to their offspring
• James Hutton

  • proponent of uniformitarianism, states that the present geological features of Earth are the results of gradual processes such as erosion and sedimentation
• Charles Lyell

  • shaping of Earth's surface as a result of gradual long-term natural changes
• Alfred Russell Wallace

  • arrived at the same conclusion as Darwin's: that organisms with favorable traits are those that carry on to the next generation
• Charles Robert Darwin

  • best-adapted organisms are those that can survive to breed and pass on their traits to their offspring
  • theory of evolution by natural selection as a coherent explanation for the form and distribution of species in different locations