pp md3

• What is it called when a fungi often live in close association with other organisms in a nondetrimental fashion?

  mutualism
• Why are fungi so important to the carbon cycle?

  fungi accelerates the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms
• What do fungal mycelia have?

  a large surface area composed of branching hyphae
• What are hyphae?

  thin filaments, reproductive structures
• What does it mean to say that a hypha is dikaryotic?

  hyphae of two different individuals fuse after plasmogamy, a new dikaryotic hypha develops with two independent nuclei in each cell
• Why do mushrooms need to deter predators when the majority of a mushroom consists of the underground mycelium?

  the aboveground mushroom is the reproductive part of the life cycle
• What is the symbiotic relationship that characterizes EMF?

  EMF are ecologically important because they decompose biomass to make it more available to the roots of the host plant
• Experiments with isotopes used as tracers showed that some fungi do what?

  some fungi obtain sugars from plants in exchange for phosphorus, nitrogen, and other soil nutrients
• The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the what?

  spore
• Mushrooms, brackets and puffballs are examples of structures used for what?

  reproduction, basidia produce sexual spores
• What traits distinguishes animals from plants and fungi?

  • animals usually ingest their food first, before they digest it
  • fungi digest their food externally then absorb the nutrients
• Which synapomorphy distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates?

  multicellularity, choanoflagellates are unicellular
• What unique trait distinguishes Cnidaria from Porifera and Ctenophora?

  Cnidarians have a specialize cell called cnidocyte, which is used in prey capture
• What is not part of the human tube-within-a-tube body plan?

  muscles and organs derived from endoderm
• What are the parts of the human tube-within-a-tube body plan?

  outer tube (mostly skin, ectoderm), head cephalized with sensory organs and brain and bilaterally symmetrical inner tube (endoderm)
• What are species that retain fertilized eggs internally, nourish the embryo with a yolk, and give birth to live young?

  ovoviviparous (egg-live bearing), egg hatch in mother
• What is the relationship between choanoflagellates and animals?

  choanoflagellates are considered an outgroup to the animal lineages
• What major body plans evolved since the Cambrian period about 550 million years ago?


  almost all the major phylum-level body plans arose rapidly during the Cambrian
• What can the basic bilaterian body form plan can be thought of?


  a tube within a tube
• What are animals that feed primarily or exclusively on plants and algae?

  herbivores
• What does phylogenetic evidence tell us about protostomes?

  there were multiple transitions from water land
• What are the three major components in the molluscan body plan?

  foot, visceral mass, and mantle
• What do Lophotrochozoan phyla have a lophophore for?

  suspension feeding
• What characterizes an ecdysozoan?

  growth by molting
• What is the current explanation for the benefit of complete metamorphosis in insects?

  there is function specialization that separates larvae and adults, larvae = feeding, adults = mating
• What is not an advantage of the arthropod exoskeleton?

  the cuticle of the exoskeleton is strong but flexible, allowing the body to expand as the body grows
• internal respiratory structures are inefficient in aquatic organisms unless there is abundant water flow through the structures
• What does the Lophotrochozoan phyla include?

  mollusks, annelids, and flatworms
• What is a similarity between insects and spiders?

  insects have compound eyes, while spiders have multiple simple eyes (chelicerae)
• What part of a squid is homologous to the foot of a snail?

  the arms and tentacles
• How do hemimetabolous and holometabolous metamorphosis differ?

  Hemimetabolous metamorphosis is incomplete, and holometabolous metamorphosis is complete
• What is a lophophore?

  a specialized tuft that rings the mouth and function in suspension feeding
• Where did jet propulsion evolve in?

  cephalopod mollusks (squid)
• What is not how a land-dwelling snail might differ from an aquatic one?

  snails on land would have muscular foot using contractions for movement, land aquatic need it
• Why were annelids and arthropods thought to be closely related before phylogenetic analyses in late 1990s?

  both annelids and arthropods have segmented bodies, unlike other protostomes such as flatworms and nematodes
• What is one of the greatest evolutionary benefits of the body plan of flatworms?

  thin flat bodies allow for efficient exchange of gases and nutrients form the environment
• What is the three phyla of deuterostomes?

  Echinodermata, Chordata, Hemichordata
• What phylum is exclusively marine and is named for having many spines and spikes?

  echinoderms
• What is an example of a vertebrate?

  lamprey
• What does it mean to be endothermic?

  body heat is internally generated