msm

• What is coding in memory?


  The way information is stored in memory
• What are the three types of coding?

  Acoustic, visual, semantic
• What did Baddeley find about acoustically similar words in STM?


  Participants had difficulty remembering them
• How does LTM coding differ from STM coding according to Baddeley?


  LTM is encoded semantically, STM acoustically
• What does Baddeley's research suggest about STM and LTM?


  They are separate stores with different coding
• What is a weakness of Baddeley's research on coding?

  He may not have tested true LTM
• Why is the use of artificial stimuli a weakness in Baddeley's study?

  It lacks external validity to real-life memory
• What is the average digit span found by Jacobs?


  9.3 items for digits, 7.3 for letters
• What is chunking in memory?


  Grouping sets of information into chunks
• What does research suggest about individual differences in STM capacity?

  Capacity varies with age and strategies
• What did Cowan conclude about STM capacity?


  STM is limited to about four chunks
• What did Peterson and Peterson's study measure?


  The duration of STM using consonant syllables
• What was the average recall percentage after 18 seconds in Peterson and Peterson's study?

  2% correct recall
• What is a weakness of Peterson and Peterson's study regarding ecological validity?

  It used meaningless stimuli for recall
• What did Reitman's study suggest about Peterson and Peterson's findings?


  Forgetting was due to displacement, not decay
• What did Bahrick et al study regarding LTM?


  Recall of high school classmates' names
• What was the recall accuracy for photo recognition after 48 years in Bahrick's study?

  About 70% correct
• Why is Bahrick et al's study considered high in external validity?


  It investigated meaningful memories
• What does the Multi-Store Model of Memory propose?

  Memory consists of three stores
• What are the two main types of sensory memory?

  Iconic memory and echoic memory
• How long does visual information last in sensory memory?

  About half a second
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repeating material to keep it in STM
• What is a weakness of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

  It oversimplifies the complexity of memory