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Cards (92)
stem cell niche
microenvironment
stem cells have to be in niche or they will
differentiate
totipotent stem cells
can form all cell types including
plancenta
and
extra embryonic
tissues
multipotent
stem cells
can form all cell types of the
embryo
antiphagocystic factors
factors that prevent phagocytosis
antiphagocytic factors and how they work
bacterial
capsule
slippery, made from non-foreign material
antiphagocytic chemicals
prevent fusion of
lysosomes
and
phagocytic
cells
destroy white blood cells
leukocidins
destroy white blood cells
listeria
avoids the immune system by staying within a cell and moving between cells without leaving once
listeria
enters new cells via the
zipper
mechanism
time
determines if inflammation is chronic or acute
chronic inflammation is characterized by
proliferative
response
Chronic hallmarks
Infiltration by mononuclear cells (macrophages,
lymphocytes
,
plasma cells
)
proliferation of
fibroblasts
and
vascular elements
increased scarring
(
fibrosis
)
chronic inflammation =
frustrated
repair
irritant
is
persistent
so result is not achieved
tuberculosis
primary: initial infection
secondary:
dormancy
period then reestablishment of infection
disseminated: infection spreads throughout the body
tuberculosis diagnosed by skin test using
ESAT6
ESAT6 stands for
early secretory antigenic
target
common antibiotics are ineffective against
TB
TB
vaccine is increasingly effective as we approach the equator
mycobacterium has a waxy lipid called
mycolic acid
mycolic acid characteristics
waxy
slow growth
protection from
lysis
high intracellular growth
resistance to
gram staining
,
detergents
,
antimicrobial drugs
,
desiccation
M. tuberculosis produces cord factor
glycolipid
cells
remain attached
inhibits migration of
neutrophils
cytotoxic
prevents fusion of
endosomes
and
lysosomes
stimulates
granuloma
formation w cytokines
granulomatous
inflammation is a type of chronic inflammation
granulomatous
inflammation is the accumulation of modified
macrophages
TB pathogenesis
inhalation
(respiratory)
adhesive
pili
attach to
extracellular
protein
macrophages
engulf bacteria, present
MHC
to
helper T cell
helper T cell attract more
macrophages
intracellular
receptors like toll-like receptors fight TB
development of TB in lung
recruitment of
macrophages
rim of
lymphocytes
caseous necrosis
: cell death and appearance of grey/cream cheese
sometimes the tubercle ruptures and spreads
dormancy in TB: tubercle is
calcified
ESAT 6 encourages the production of
TNF-alpha
and maintains the
granuloma
M1
is pro-inflammatory, making a granuloma
Langan's giant cells
have nuclei arranged in a horseshoe formation
mycolic
acids are hard to process, probably causing the
horseshoe
shape
chronic
inflammation leads to lymph nodules in abnormal places
viruses
have either
DNA
or
RNA
neither
grow
nor
respond
to environment
no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, organelles
have an
extracellular
and
intracellular
state
cannot reproduce
independently
use cell's
metabolic pathways
to increase numbers
virus in extracellular state
called
virion
have a
protein coat
(capsid)
some have
phospholipid bilayer
outermost layer provides
protection
and
recognition sites
virus in intracellular state
capsid
removed
exists as
nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
poliovirus
is very small
viruses shapes
helical
polyhedral
complex
virus structure:
capsid
protein
shell surrounding the genome
capsomere
is a subunit of the capsid
envelopes of virus come from the
host
viral envelope
proteins
and
glycoproteins
play a role in host recognition
in rod shaped viruses, the
length is determined by the
nucleic acid
width is determined by the
protein package units
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