institutional aggression

• the importation model argues that prisons are not completely insulated from the happenings of the everyday life in the "real world". Inmates come from the real world and they bring with them a subculture of criminality
• subculture of criminality includes a history of aggression and aggressive norms meaning they are willing to use violence to settle disputes inside prison reflecting the lifestyle they had before
• aggression in prison is ultimately caused by the aggressive characteristics of inmates being carried "in" from the outside by prisoners and is of no fault of the environment itself. Such inmates are predisposed to using violence as they would have done so in any setting which is why they do so in prison
• Clemmers stated the deprivation model places the causes of institutional aggression within the prison environment itself
• harsh prison conditions are stressful for inmates who cope by resorting to aggressive and violent behaviours
• deprivation of material goods leads to increased competition among inmates for resources leading to increased aggression in order to aid acquisition of these resources
• the deprivation of heterosexual relationships leads to frustration and aggression
• the government reports an association between rates of murder suicide and assaults with overcrowding in British prisons.
• irregular use of "lock-ups" to control behavior reduces stimulation as it removes opportunity for interesting activity and access to goods leading to frustration and aggression