chapter 8

• • Catabolic reactions release/ absorb/ create heat and ATP (adensosine triphosphate) energy when they break down large molecules.
• • The production of energy in the cytoplasm (another name for cytosol is ) is anaerobic
• • Difference between aerobic reactions and anaerobic reactions. Aerobic- reactions require oxygen to proceed. Anaerobic- they can proceed without oxygen
• • Most metabolically active organ in the body is the liver. Liver is the first organ to metabolize, store, and distribute nutrients after absorption
• • Energy source which cells use to fuel metabolic reaction is ATP
• • End-products of glycolysis- 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 ATP. Glycolysis(anaerobic) occurs in cytosol. 
• Most reactions in the absorptive state are anabolic
• • Ketones are used by the brain and muscle for ketogenesis. Ketoacidosis, lipolysis, energy
• Brain: (prolonged fasting ketone bodies provide energy to the brain) Ketones serve as an alternative energy source for the brain when glucose availability is limited. During fasting, caloric restriction, or other specific scenarios, the brain can efficiently utilize ketone bodies to maintain cognitive function
• • Skeletal muscles also benefit from ketones during periods of low glucose levels. Ketone bodies provide energy to these muscles, especially when other carbohydrate stores (such as glycogen) are depleted.
• ketones summary

  
• summary ketones

  
• After ATP synthesis, excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver, muscle , triglycerides, in adipose tissue.
• End product of alcohol metabolism- acetyl CoA
• Excess kcals from alcohol that aren't used to produce ATP are converted to fatty acids and stored as triglyceride.
• Genetic disorders of metabolism dietitians prescribe special formulas to adjust diet and alleviate symptoms
• •  Definition: a genetic disorder of metabolism, also known as an inherited metabolic disorder is a medical condition caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism.
• • What condition is caused by excess ketone? Ketoacidosis. Which occurs with 

  Untreated type 1 diabetes. Can lead to impaired heart activity, coma, and even death
• • What are the stages of energy metabolism> 

  Gycolysis, pyruvate to acetyl coaA, Tca cycle, electron transport system