Biology Paper 1

• The human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole body.
• Cells are the basic unit of life that carry out all functions necessary to keep an organism alive.
• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform specific functions.
• Organ systems consist of multiple organs that work together to achieve a common goal.
• Organs are structures composed of different types of tissue that work together to perform a particular function.
• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform specific tasks.
• The nervous system controls and coordinates activities throughout the body.
• Organ systems consist of several organs that work together to achieve a common goal or purpose.
• Organs are structures composed of different types of tissue that have a particular function.
• An example of a tissue is muscle tissue, which consists of specialized cells called myocytes that contract to produce movement.
• The circulatory system transports blood and nutrients around the body.
• Epithelial tissue covers surfaces such as skin or lines cavities like the digestive system.
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms, performing various functions such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and response to stimuli.
• Connective tissue provides support and protection, stores fat, and transports substances throughout the body.
• Plants have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients respectively.
• The muscular system allows for movement and generates heat through contraction.
• The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients for absorption by the body.
• Xylem is responsible for conducting water from roots upwards through plants.
• Tissues are made up of many similar cells that work together to carry out a specific task.
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things, consisting of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plant cells), vacuoles, and other organelles.
• Plants also contain cell walls outside their plasma membranes.
• A group of tissues with a similar structure and function form an organ.
• The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
• Examples of organs include the heart (which pumps blood), lungs (which exchange gases between air and blood), and kidneys (which filter waste products from the blood).
• The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from it.
• Systems are made up of multiple organs that work together to carry out a specific task.
• The urinary system filters waste products out of the blood and produces urine.
• Connective tissue provides support and protection, including bone and cartilage.
• Muscle tissue contracts to move parts of the body.
• Plants also contain tissues such as xylem (for water transport) and phloem (for sugar transport).
• Nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses and coordinates responses within an organism.
• Plants also contain tissues such as xylem (for transporting water) and phloem (for transporting sugars).
• Embryonic stem cells

  Undifferentiated cells, they have the potential to turn into any kind of cell
• Uses of stem cells

  • Replacing faulty blood cells
  • Making insulin producing cells
  • Making nerve cells
• Scientists should find other sources of stem cells
• Speaker: 'Quote'
• Chromosomes

  In the nucleus of a human cell there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes contain a double helix of DNA and have a large number of genes
• Adult stem cells

  Found in the bone marrow, they can only turn into some types of cells
• Mitosis

  The cell cycle makes new cells. DNA has to be copied/replicated before the cell carries out mitosis
• Embryos are human life