micropara lab

• ocular lens/ eye piece - part is used to look at the specimen
• Eyepiece tube – It’s the eyepiece holder. It carries the eyepiece just above the objective lens. 
• binoculars or 2 lens -the eyepiece tube is flexible and can be rotated for maximum visualization for variance in distance
• monocular microscopes/ one lens, they are none flexible.
• Diopter Adjustment- control knob present only in the binocular microscope that is used to change focus on one eyepiece. 
• nose piece is a movable circular structure that houses all the objective lenses.It can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise to increase or decrease the magnification. The change in magnification results due to a change in the objective lens.
• objective lens is the lens that is closest to the specimen. They are fitted on the nosepiece. They are color-coded and are of different sizes. Size and color depend on the power of the lens. 
• Adjustment Knobs are the control knobs used to focus the microscope on the specimen
•  Fine Adjustment Knob is used for fine adjustment. It is a smaller knob and is used to move the stage up or down very slowly. The stage covers a very small distance on each rotation of the fine adjustment knob. It is used to sharpen the image. It is mostly used while viewing under high power.
•  Coarse Adjustment Knob is used for focusing the image under low power magnification. It is a larger knob and is used to move the stage up or down very rapidly.
• Stage - This is the section in which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen slides in place. The most common stage is the mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving them manually.
• mechanical stage- allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving them manually.
• Stage Control Knobs are the control knobs used to move the stage mechanically. There are two knobs; one for moving left and right and the other for moving forward and backward. This will move the slide in the field of vision.
• 1. Aperture – This is a hole in the microscope stage through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage.
• microscopic illuminator is a light source
• Condenser – These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. They play a major role in ensuring clear, sharp images are produced with a high magnification of 400X and above. 
• Diaphragm – It’s also known as the iris. It is found under the stage of the microscope, and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It’s an adjustable apparatus, hence controlling the light intensity and the size of the beam of light that gets to the specimen. 
•  Light Switch is an electrical control device. Light switches are used to on and off the illuminator.
• The brightness adjustment system controls the voltage supplied to the light bulb, controlling the intensity (brightness) of the light bulb.
• Scanning (red) = 4x
• Low Power Objective (LPO)(yellow) - 10x
• High power objective (HPO)(Blue) -40x
• oil immersion (silver/ gold) - 100x
• magnification- measure of how much the image increased in size or the amount or degree of visual enlargement of an observed object
• magnification = magnification of objective x magnification of ocular lens
• image size = actual length x total magnification
• resolving power or resolution - ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between objectives that are close together
• D - minimum distance between two points in the image
• NA - numerical aperture of objective lens
• λ - wavelength (nm)
• longitudinal section - tissue cut along long direction of organ (vertically)
• cross section / transverse section - tissue cut perpendicular to length of organ ( horizontally)
• oblique section - tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal section ( slant)
• biosafety- application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian's risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment and, ultimately, the community.
• BSL - 1 - Standard microbial practices are followed

  -work can be performed on an open lab bench or table

  - has sink and lab doors

  - PPE & non pathogenic microbes such as E.colli
• BSL-II - Access to laboratory is restricted

  - has autoclave, biological safety cabinet, self closing door, sink and eye wash

  - Eye protection and face shield

  -Microbes here are pose moderate hazards. the microbes are typically indigenous and associated with diseases of varying severity ex. staphylococcus aureus
• • BSL-III- Laboratorians are under medical  surveillance and might receive immunizations for microbes they work with. 
  • -Access to the laboratory is restricted  and controlled at all times. 
  • -All work with microbes must be performed within an appropriate  BSC

  -A hands-free sink and eyewash are available near the exit.

  -laboratory must have sustained directional airflow

  -Entrance to the lab is through two sets of self-closing and locking

  -respirator,solid front gown

  -indegenous or exotic microbes, serious - lethal disease through respiratory transmission

  -ex.myobacterium tuberculosis
• BSL-IV 


  • All work with the microbe must be performed within an appropriate Class III BSC
  • The laboratory is in a separate building or in an isolated and restricted zone of the building
  • The laboratory has dedicated supply and exhaust air, as well as vacuum lines and decontamination systems
• Dangerous microbes BSL 1V

  • Ebola and Marburg viruses
• BSL IV- Positive Pressure

  Protective Suit (full body,

  air-supplied)

  -NO VACCINES

  -HIGH RISK AEROSAL- TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS