LESSON 2

• the Spaniards were only able to return to the Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named the islands as “Filipinas”. The Villalobos expedition exacted the location of the Philippines.
• The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the Ferdinand Magellan expedition on March 17, 1521. He was sent by king Charles I
• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to the Philippines

  by Phillip II, the new king of Spain, and also Portugal. He

  became the first Governor General of the Philippines. He also

  established the Encomienda system. Likewise, he founded

  the city of Manila under Spain in 1571 after taking it from Rajah

  Sulayman.
• Viceroy of Mexico — Ruled the Philippines indirectly as the representative of the Spanish King.
• Governor General

  — Heads the Nationals Government ▪

  Chief Executive in the Whole Archipelago

  ▪ Head of the State & Church

  ▪ Commander in Chief of the Military

  ▪ As the power to pardon prisoners & to decide about the issues in the country

  ▪ Power of Cumplace

  ▪ Visitador & Residenci
• Alkalde Mayor — Head in the Provincial Level ▪ His power is limited in the province but it is the same with the Governor General.
• Gobernadorcillo

  — Head of the Town or Pueblo

  ▪ His power is limited in the town but it is the same with the Governor General.

  ▪ Indulto de Comerci
• Cabeza de Barangay — Head of the Barrio Government
• Gobernadorcillo & Cabeza de Barangay

  ▪ Are the only positions a Filipino can have in the Spanish Colonial Period.

  ▪ Must be 23 years old and above.

  ▪ Must be Educated.

  ▪ At least owns a 500 pesos worth of property/money.
• Friars could control the society and Governor General.
• Regular priest were able to control the different parishes and had dominion over the Secular priests (Filipino priests) the enemy of the church will be considered as the enemy of the government.
• The provincial government, headed by the alcalde mayor, was the most corrupt branch of the government.
• The excessive power and privileges made the governor generals weak & undisciplined.

  — Punishes those who aren’t happy with his administration.

  — Gives too much favors to his friends and family.
• Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) — Gave the order to kill GomBurZa.
• Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) — He was a great soldier but as a governor general, his administration was weak due to his incompetency.
• Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera — Took the position twice; 1880-1883 & 1897-1898. Took bribes from casino operators in Manila.
• Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) — A cruel and corrupt official; a tyrant who killed the Calamba tenants and is called the Butcher by the Cubans.
• Gen. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) — Ordered the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal.
• Polo — The enforced or compulsory manual labor required for every male native between 16 to 60 years of age.
• Tribute — Tax imposed on every individual or family to pay to the colonial government as a symbol of vassalage to Spain.
• Enconmienda — A system of landholding wherein individuals loyal to Spain were granted land as trustees.
• Isolation Policy — The natives were banned from engaging in any form of intercourse with their Asian neighbors
• Divide and Rule — The colonizers provoked the natives to fight among themselves thus, strengthening their hold of power.
• Frailocracy — The rule of the friars or the clergy.
• Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.
• The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. It began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world. This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steam ships and railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic conditions.
• The Age of Exploration is an informally defined period of European history when overseas exploration became a major part of European culture