PHILO

• Philosophy - A term refers to “love of wisdom”. Philo: to love, Sophia: wisdom
• Philosophy is primarily concerned and revolves around asking fundamental questions that we normally take for granted, as well as a structured inquiry regarding any aspect of life.
• The Ancient Greeks had what is known as the Oracle at Delphi. In the temple at Delphi, the Greeks placed a huge stone, known as the Omphalos stone, which they regarded as the center of the world. This they considered the fountain of all wisdom.
• The first Philosophers in Ancient GREECE and CHINA were thinkers who were not satisfied with established explanations by religion, customs and traditional authority.
• Holistic thinking - A perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems.
• Partial Thinking - A perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
• Reflection - It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn more about ones’ life and experiences
• REASONING can be defined as the process of trying to find answers.
• Opinions - These statements go beyond facts and provides perspective regarding certain situations.
• Arguments - A series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. An argument is evaluated on the basis of validity and soundness.
• The argument is valid if it is impossible for all the premises to be true yet the conclusion false. However, a valid argument does not necessarily mean that it is true.
• Validity comes from a logical conclusion based on logically constructed premises. On the other hand, the soundness of an argument is determined by its strength.
• A sound argument succeeds in providing probable support to the conclusion.
• Conclusion - It is a judgement based on facts.
• FALLACY - These are the product of faulty reasoning
• FORMS OF FALLACIES: Appeal to pity, appeal to ignorance, equivocation, composition, against the person, appeal to force, false cause, hasty generalization, begging the question
• Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam) - This is an appeal to emotion whereby the person attempts to win support for a claim by appealing to the opponent’s pity or guilt.
• Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam) - This fallacy informs the person that whatever is not proven false must be true
• Equivocation - This type of fallacy makes use of a word or term repeatedly in an argument but imbuing the word with different meaning each time.
• Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem) - The person engaging in this fallacy attacks not the validity or soundness of the argument or idea but the characteristics of the opponent.
• Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum) - This is an argument where force, coercion, or threat of force is provided as a justification for the claim.
• Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum) - This is an argument where the person attempts to win support by appealing to people’s desire for esteem and gaining on popularity.
• Composition - This error implies that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true for some part of the whole. Its reverse form is division.
• False cause (Post hoc) - This error in reasoning informs that since event B followed event A, the latter must have caused the former. It is also referred to as coincidental correlation, or simply correlation and not causation.
• Hasty generalization - A person commits this error by reaching a generalization based on vague or insufficient evidence.
• Begging the question (Petitio principii) - It is a type of fallacy wherein the proposition to be proven is already presumed in the premise.
• CLAIMS - These are the statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.
• three types of truth: s seeking truth in the arts, scientific truth, philosophical truth
• seeking truth in the arts. - The creative artist tries to explore beneath the surface of things so as to obtain a more in-depth understanding of human experience. The expressiveness of the artist. The artist seeks truth not in rational argumentation, but rather through his perception, his imagination, his institutions and even emotions.
• scientific truth. - He tries to make rational sense and coherent explanations of his observations. He conducts physical experiments and often making use of mathematical formulas either to verify or negate his starting assumptions.
• philosophical truth. - Here, reason and reasoning pervades. To arrive at philosophical truths, inquiry is absolutely required. Philosophers delve into and scrutinize cases involving human affairs and conduct. They ask fundamental questions pertaining to such cases.
• The oldest, and still the most powerful, teaching tactic for fostering critical thinking is Socratic teaching. In Socratic teaching we focus on giving students questions, not answers. 
• Beliefs - These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statements is true.
• PHILOSOPHERS- They are considered as the “lovers of wisdom”. The Philosophers seek answers which has RATIONAL JUSTIFICATION
• In order for a belief or claim to be rationally justified, it must have justifying reason behind it.
• Plato's idea of the human person


  Metaphysical dichotomy (inherent contradiction) between body and soul
• Body


  • Mutable and destructible
• Soul

  • Immutable and indestructible
• Soul comes first before the body
• Body


  Dependent on the soul