Biology paper 1

    Cards (107)

    • Topics covered in AQA GCSE biology paper one
      • Cells
      • Organization
      • Infection and response
      • Bioenergetics
    • Cells can be seen with a normal light microscope, but subcellular structures are not visible
    • All life consists of cells
    • Electron microscopes allow us to see finer details of subcellular structures
    • Magnification is equal to image size divided by object size
    • Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain similar organelles
    • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where DNA is found, while prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus
    • Cell membrane
      Keeps everything inside the cell and is semi-permeable
    • Cell wall
      Provides a rigid structure for plant cells and most bacteria
    • Mitochondria
      Where respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell
    • Cytoplasm
      Liquid where most chemical reactions take place
    • Ribosomes
      Where proteins are synthesized
    • Chloroplasts
      Contain chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
    • Vacuole
      Stores sap in plant cells
    • Bacteria multiplication
      By binary fission, doubling every 10 minutes
    • Practical on bacteria multiplication
      Producing a culture on agar in a Petri dish using aseptic technique
    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in every nucleus
    • Gametes have half the number of chromosomes, making them haploid cells
    • Cells specialize depending on the function they need to fulfill
    • Cell division by mitosis
      Genetic material duplication, nucleus breakdown, chromosome pairs pulled to opposite sides, new identical cells formed
    • Stem cells are those that haven't yet specialized
    • Eukaryotic cell nuclei contain DNA stored in several chromosomes
    • Stem cells are made in your bone marrow throughout your life but can only specialize into blood cells
    • Stem cells can be used to combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
    • In the movie "The Island," people are getting clones of themselves made to harvest the stem cells as they won't be rejected by the patient
    • Types of cells
      • Nerve
      • Muscle
      • Root
      • Xylem
      • Stem cells
    • Active transport
      Movement of substances through a membrane using energy
    • Rate of diffusion or osmosis can be increased by increasing the difference in concentrations, temperature, or surface area
    • In osmosis, water moves out of the cell if there is a higher concentration of glucose outside, resulting in a decrease in mass
    • Diffusion
      Movement of molecules or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
    • Stem cells
      Cells that haven't yet specialized, found in human and animal embryos, and in the meristems of plants
    • Practical on osmosis
      Cut equal size cylinders from a potato, place in test tubes with varying concentration of sugar solution, remove after a day, weigh, calculate percentage change in mass
    • Osmosis
      Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
    • Cloning plants can be used to prevent species from becoming extinct or produce crops with specific characteristics
    • Enzymes are specific and work on a lock and key principle
    • Diffusion is passive and doesn't require any energy input
    • Enzymes break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
      Carbohydrase is the specific enzyme for this
    • Enzymes are biological catalysts that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
    • Enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

      Protease is the specific enzyme for this
    • Enzymes break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

      Lipase is the specific enzyme for this
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