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Biology paper 1
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Cards (107)
Topics covered in AQA GCSE biology paper one
Cells
Organization
Infection
and
response
Bioenergetics
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Cells can be seen with a
normal
light microscope, but
subcellular
structures are not visible
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All life consists of
cells
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Electron microscopes
allow us to see finer details of subcellular structures
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Magnification
is equal to
image size
divided by
object size
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Both
eukaryotic
and
prokaryotic
cells contain similar organelles
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Eukaryotic
cells have a
nucleus
where
DNA
is found, while
prokaryotic
cells don't have a
nucleus
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Cell membrane
Keeps everything inside the cell and is semi-permeable
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Cell wall
Provides a rigid structure for
plant cells
and most
bacteria
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Mitochondria
Where
respiration
takes place, releasing
energy
for the cell
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Cytoplasm
Liquid
where most
chemical reactions
take place
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Ribosomes
Where
proteins
are
synthesized
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Chloroplasts
Contain
chlorophyll
and where
photosynthesis
takes place in
plant
cells
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Vacuole
Stores sap in
plant
cells
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Bacteria multiplication
By
binary fission
,
doubling
every
10
minutes
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Practical on bacteria multiplication
Producing a
culture
on
agar
in a Petri dish using
aseptic
technique
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Humans have
23
pairs of chromosomes in every
nucleus
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Gametes have
half
the number of
chromosomes
, making them
haploid
cells
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Cells specialize
depending on the function they need to fulfill
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Cell division by mitosis
Genetic material duplication
,
nucleus breakdown
,
chromosome pairs
pulled to
opposite sides
,
new identical cells formed
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Stem cells
are those that haven't yet specialized
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Eukaryotic cell nuclei
contain DNA stored in several chromosomes
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Stem cells are made in your
bone marrow
throughout your life but can only specialize into
blood cells
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Stem cells
can be used to combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
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In the movie "
The Island
," people are getting clones of themselves made to harvest the stem cells as they won't be
rejected
by the patient
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Types of cells
Nerve
Muscle
Root
Xylem
Stem cells
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Active transport
Movement of substances through a membrane using energy
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Rate of diffusion or osmosis can be increased by increasing the difference in
concentrations
,
temperature
, or
surface area
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In
osmosis
, water moves out of the cell if there is a
higher
concentration of
glucose
outside, resulting in a
decrease
in mass
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Diffusion
Movement
of
molecules
or
particles
from an area of
high
concentration to an area of
low
concentration
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Stem cells
Cells that haven't yet specialized
,
found in human and animal embryos
,
and in the meristems of plants
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Practical on osmosis
Cut
equal size
cylinders from a potato, place in test tubes with varying
concentration
of
sugar solution
, remove after a day,
weigh
, calculate
percentage change
in
mass
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Osmosis
Diffusion
of
water
across a
semi-permeable
membrane
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Cloning plants can be used to prevent species from becoming
extinct
or produce
crops
with specific
characteristics
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Enzymes
are specific and work on a
lock
and
key
principle
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Diffusion is
passive
and doesn't require any
energy
input
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Enzymes break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Carbohydrase
is the
specific enzyme
for this
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Enzymes are biological
catalysts
that break down
larger
molecules into
smaller
ones
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Enzymes break down
proteins
into
amino
acids
Protease
is the specific enzyme for this
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Enzymes break down
lipids
into
glycerol
and
fatty
acids
Lipase
is the specific enzyme for this
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