Injury from quizlet

• Acute injury


  Sudden injury associated with a traumatic event
• Chronic injury


  Injury that develops over a period of time

  Associated with repeated or continuous stress or overuse.
• Acute hard tissue injuries


  Fractures

  Dislocation
• Fractures


  Partial or complete break in a bone due to excessive force.

  Comes from direct force (collision / object) or indirect force (falling or poor technique)
• Compound fracture


  The fractured bones themselves break through the skin, creating an open wound

  High infection risk
• Simple fracture


  Skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes little movement of the bone - little damage of soft tissue surrounding.
• Incomplete fracture


  Partial crack in the bone that doesn't completely separate the bone
• Complete fracture


  Total break in the bone, separating it into 1 or more fragments
• Greenstick fracture


  Partial break break resulting from a bending action (like a fresh twig)
• Transverse, oblique and spiral

  A crack perpendicular, diagonal or twisting diagonal across the length of the bone
• Comminuted fracture


  Crack producing multiple fragments of bone

  Long recovery
• Impacted fracture

  A break causes by the ends of a bone being compressed together
• Avulsion fracture


  Bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachment
• Disolocation


  The displacement of one bone from another out of their original position
• Subluxation


  An incomplete or partial dislocation
• Acute soft tissue injuries

  Contusion and haematoma

  Sprain

  Strain

  Abrasion

  Blisters
• Contusion and haematoma


  AKA bruise

  Area of the skin where blood vessels have ruptured

  
  

  The damaged tissue then leads to a haematoma: localised congealed bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels
• Sprain


  Damage to the ligaments

  Sudden twist, impact or fall that forces the joint beyond its extreme range of motion.
• Strain


  Damage to the muscle fibres or tendon

  Overstretching or contracting muscle fibres too quickly
• Abrasion


  Superficial damage to the skin causes by scraping action against a playing surface

  Most sports now have blood rules - leave until bleeding stops
• Blisters


  Separation of layers of skin where a pocket of fluid forms fue to friction
• Concussion


  Brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function

  Direct blow to the head which causes rapid movement of the head
• Chronic hard tissue injuries


  Stress fracture
• Stress fracture


  Tiny crack in the surface of the bone caused by overuse

  Caused by fatigued muscles transferring stress to the bone tissue
• Chronic soft tissue injuries


  Shin splints

  Tendinosis
• Shin splints


  Chronic shin pain due to inflammation of muscles and stress on the tendon attachments to the surface of the tibia.

  (Medial tibial stress syndrome)
• Causes of shin splints

  Being overweight

  Wearing wrong footwear

  Poor leg biomechanics
• Tendinosis


  The deterioration of a tendon's collagen in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain.

  
  

  Achilles tendinosis - pain in tendon behind ankle

  Tennis elbow - overuse of tendons in forearm
• Intrinsic risk factors - individual variables


  Previous injury - they can causes loss in connective tissue strength, lowered joint stability, deficit in neuromuscular function

  
  

  Posture and alignment issues - different leg lengths can cause joints to weaken and imbalance

  
  

  Age increases injury as bone tissue loses strength

  
  

  Nutrition prevents injury
• Intrinsic risk factors - training effects


  Poor preparation increases injury risk

  
  

  Inadequate fitness levels lead to injury if intensity / duration are too high

  
  

  Inappropriate flexibility level leads to poor joint stability
• Extrinsic risk factors - poor technique / training


  Excessive stress placed on muscles, tendons and ligaments

  Can also cause acute injuries

  In rugby it can lead to concussion

  Also limits strength, power and speed
• Extrinsic risk factors - Incorrect equipment and clothing


  Should be age, stature and ability related.

  Leads to / accelerates the onset of injury

  
  

  Wear protective equipment to minimise injury risk

  
  

  Wear sport-specific clothing to maximise performance and reduce injury risk

  
  

  Footwear designed for every different sport
• Extrinsic risk factors - Inapproprite intensity, duration or frequency of activity


  Principles of training must be followed to reduce risk of injury

  Progressive overload pushes beyond comfort and forces adaption but not so much it compromises with health and well being.

  
  

  If intensity too much, acute injuries may occur

  If frequency too much, acute inflammatory injuries may occur (tendonitis) and chronic overuse injuries (stress fractures, tendinosis)

  If training methods do not include variety, overuse injuries could occur
• Warm up effectiveness


  Raise body temp and prepare psychologically and physiologically for activity - minimise injury and maximise performance

  
  

  - 20-45 mins

  - Gradually increase intensity

  - Stage 1: HR raising to increase temp, blood flow, HR, breathing frequency and O2 delivery

  - Stage 2: Stretching and mobility exercises to lubricate and mobilise joints, increasing elasticity of connective tissues

  - Sport specific drills to activate neural pathways and rehearse movement patterns
• How does a warm up reduce injury risk

  Rise in temperature

  Increase enzyme activity, diffusion gradient

  Improves efficiency of muscular contraction

  Elasticity of muscles, tendons and ligaments increases

  Decreasing risk of injury
• Static stretching effect in warm up

  No effect on injury prevention

  Reduce peak force produced in achilles

  Reduces antagonistic co-ordination

  Reduces eccentric strength

  Reduces muscles ability to consume O2
• Cool down effectiveness

  Maintains HR, blood flow and metabolic activity to flush the muscle tissue with an oxygenated blood, removing waste products

  
  

  - 20-30 mins

  - Gradually decrease in intensity

  - Phase 1: Moderate intensity (45-55% VO2 max) to maintain HR, venous return and blood flow to remove waste products

  - Phase 2: Stretching to reduce muscle tension, increase muscle relaxation and lower muscle temperature
• How does a cool down reduce injury risk

  Prevents lactic acid build up

  Prevents blood pooling
• Assessing injuries using SALTAPS

  Stop - stop and observe

  Ask - ask questions 'where does it hurt?'

  Look - look for specific bruising, swelling etc

  Touch - gently touch injured area and identify painful regions

  Active movement - ask the player if they can move the injured area without assistance

  Passive movement - if there's active movement, gently move the injured area through its full range of motion

  Strength testing - ask they player to stand, lift or put pressure on injured area and ask if they can continue playing
• Acute management of soft tissue injuries using PRICE

  Protection - Protect injury from further damage

  Rest - Allow time to heal and prevent further damage

  Ice - Apply ice indirectly to the skin to reduce inflammation

  Compression - Compress injury with tear tape, bandage which helps reduce swelling

  Elevation - Raise injury above heart to reduce blood flow and decrease swelling