SCIENCE

• Weather


  • Refers to day-to-day changes or patterns in the atmosphere at a particular place and time
• Impact of Climate Change
• Factors affecting Climate

  1. Temperature

  2. Latitude- imaginary lines that cut horizontally across the globe and parallel to the equator, As latitude increases north or south of the equator, the temperature decreases

  3. Proximity to Large Bodies of Water islands or land surrounded by bodies of water can have windward and leeward sides. In the land nearest to the bodies of water, the temperature decreases

  4. Elevation/Altitude The higher the elevation, the temperature decreases

  5. Amount of Precipitation

  6. Proximity to Mountain Ranges

  7. Orographic Effect- Refers to the dynamics of air and precipitation on the windward slope of the mountain. Moist air masses are pushed upward and moisture condenses as rain clouds

  8. Rain Shadow Effect- Occurs in the leeward slope of the mountains, which are generally dry and receive only less rain called rain shadow

  9. Wind or Wind Front- refers to the movement of the air caused by heat from the sun. Wind traveling vertically can push warm air upward, which cools down to form rain clouds
• Albedo Effect


  Refers to the reflection of heat from the ice sheet back to th
• Green House Gases

  • Carbon dioxide, Water vapor, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide
  • Manmade: Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)
• Climate


  • Refers to cumulative patterns of weather in a particular place over time
• Impact of Climate Change

  • Direct impact on temperature
  • Heatstroke
  • Dengue
  • Waterborne Disease
  • Foodborne Disease
  • Extreme Weather Conditions
  • Water quality and quantity
  • Dirty/contaminated supply of water
  • Melting of ice
  • Increase evaporation rate drying the land
  • Low soil productivity
  • Drought
  • Stunted growth of plants
  • Removal of minerals vital to crops
• Factors Affecting Weather


  1. Air temperature measures how hot or cold the air is. At higher temperatures, the molecules in the air move faster and water evaporates faster

  2. Air Measures how heavy the air is over a unit of area. Higher air pressure= fair weather, Lower air pressure = stormy weather

  3. Amount and type of precipitation-precipitation can be droplets of water (drizzle, shower, downpour) or solidified water (snow, ice, hale)

  4. Wind strength and direction move from high pressure to low pressure. Wind that blows over bodies of water is cooler and moist, while wind that travels over landmasses is warmer and dry

  5. Type of Clouds- With very warm air temperatures, water vapor condenses to form clouds. The more evaporation occurs, the more saturated the clouds become and form rain
• The issue of climate and global warming is a century-scale problem that has been brought about by industrialization, which has contributed to the emission of greenhouse gases
• Viscosity


  The resistance of liquid material such as lava to flow
• Volcanoes


  An opening or crack in the crust through which magma goes to the surface of Earth as lava
• Causes of Global Warming

  • Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline
  • Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel
  • Methane emissions from animals and agriculture
  • Increase in the use of chemical fertilizers
  • Deforestation
• Causes of low soil productivity

  • Drought
  • Stunted growth of plants
  • Removal of minerals vital to crops
• Volcanic Surface Features

  • Lava Plateaus- formed from fissure eruptions
  • Lava dome- formed from highly viscous lava
  • Craters and Calderas- formed from violent eruptions forming a large bowl-shaped depression
• Global Warming


  Refers to the long-term average increase in global temperature. Climate change is a result of global warming
• Basic Parts of Volcano

  1. Fissure- elongated fracture or crack on Earth’s crust from which lava erupts

  2. Conduit- passageway through which magma travels to reach Earth’s surface

  3. Vent- opening where volcanic materials are released

  4. Crater- bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano where the vent is located

  5. Flank- sides of volcano

  6. Magma chamber or reservoir- underground compartment where the magma is stored
• Water quality and quantity issues

  • Dirty/contaminated supply of water
  • Melting of ice
  • Increase evaporation rate drying the land
• Classification of Volcano based on Morphology

  • Composite or Stratovolcano
  • Cinder or Scoria Cone Volcano
  • Shield Volcano
• Hazard Posed by Active Volcanoes


  • Blasts
  • Dome growth
• Ecological Footprints


  Refers to the measures of resources against Earth’s capacity to regenerate (biocapacity)
• Classification of Volcano based on Activity

  • Active - has erupted in the last 10,000 years
  • Inactive or Dormant or Potentially active - No activity during the last 10,000 years
  • Extinct – No activity records and considered unlikely to erupt again
• Albedo Effect


  Refers to the reflection of heat from the ice sheet back to space
• Factors affecting viscosity

  1. Temperature - Hotter magmas are less viscous

  2. Composition - Silica (SiO2) content. Higher silica content = higher viscosity (e.g., felsic lava such as rhyolite). Lower silica content = lower viscosity (e.g., mafic lava such as basalt)
• Location of Volcanoes

  • Most form along plate boundaries: Convergent boundary (Subduction zones), Over hot spots, Divergent boundary
• Carbon Footprints


  Refers to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of activities of an individual or organization
• Magma Type

  1. Basaltic (thin) = quiet eruption

  2. Granitic/Andestic (thick)= violent eruption
• Type of Volcanic Eruption

  • Hawaiian- Fluid lava flowing or Effusive
  • Strombolian- Violent with ejection of magma and gas
  • Vulcanian- Violent with ejection of solid viscous lava, dust, ash, and gas
  • Plinian- Most violent which is sustained by eruptive plumes, fast pyroclastic flows and lahar
• Trapped gases (H2O and CO2)

  1. low pressure = quiet eruption

  2. high pressure = explosive/violent eruption
• Types of Volcanoes

  • Active
  • Inactive or Dormant or Potentially active
  • Extinct
• Factors determining how explosive an eruption is
• Classification of Volcano based on Activity
• Summary of Climate Change effects
• Types of Tephra Falls

  • Volcanic dust- less than 0.25 mm
  • Volcanic ash- 0.25 to 2 mm
  • Lapilli- 2 to 64 mm
  • Volcanic bomb- 64 mm and above
  • Volcanic blocks- 64 mm and above
• Vocabulary


  • Altitude - the height above sea level
  • Climate - the overall condition of an area over a long period
  • Climate change - a long-term shifting of global weather pattern
  • El Niño - brought about by the current of the ocean bringing warm air to a landmass in the Pacific region
  • Fauna – all the living animals in a given area
  • Flora - all the plants in a given area
  • Greenhouse effect - the increase of global temperature due to some atmospheric gases
  • Gyre - the circular patterns formed by surface currents
  • Latitude - an imaginary line that is parallel to the equator
  • Leeward - the side of the mountain that receives less amount of precipitation
  • Longitude - an imaginary line that extends from the North Pole to the South Pole
  • Mitigation – a manner of modifying something to become useful
  • Precipitation - forms when water vapor condenses and falls to the ground as rain, snow, hail, or sleet
  • Topography - the surface features of an area
  • Temperature - refers to the hotness or coldness of an object
  • Tropics- The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator
  • Windward - the side of the mountain that receives most of the precipitation
• Water Vapor

  more water = bigger explosion
• Hazard Posed by Active Volcanoes

  • Blasts
  • Dome growth
  • Gases- H2O, H2S, SO2, HCl, HF, H2, CO2, N2, CH4, Ag and He
  • Lahar
  • Lava Flow
  • Pyroclastic Flow
  • Pyroclastic surges
  • Tephra falls
  • Tsunami