Civilizations

• Sumerian and Babylonian Civilization (4500-1900 BC) (1900 BC-539 BC)

  • Pottery, Form of writing (cuneiform), hydraulic engineering, chariot, plow, textile mill, bricks out of clay, metallurgy, Sexagesimal system, Ziggurat, Wheel, calendar, Astrology, Materia medica, sail boat, fabrication of copper
  • Hanging Garden of Babylon, Math (fractions, square, and square roots), bookkeeping, jewelry, code of Hammurabi, 1ST map, prediction of solar & lunar eclipse
• Ancient Egyptian (3100 BC- 332 BC)

  • mirror, toothpaste, engineering and construction, Pyramids, ox-drawn plow, hieroglyphics, mummification, irrigation, Calendar (1st : 365 days devised by Imhotep based on Sirius; 2nd: phases of the moon, 29 1⁄2 days), papyrus, water clock , wigs & henna tattoo, tweezers & razors, surgery, ramp & lever, lighthouse technology, Library of Alexandria
• Indus-Hindu Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BC)

  • Water wells, Herbal remedies, surgery (even plastic surgery), Math (Indus numerals ,indian measurement based on body parts, negative & positive values, square & cube roots, quadratic equations, value of pi, and infinity, sine function, spherical geometry), jewelry, Iron pillar of Delhi, stupa spinning wheel and Punjab, indigo plant for dyeing, pottery
• Ancient China

  • Zhou (1046-256 B.C.E), Qin (221-206 B.C.E), and Ming (1368-1644 C.E.)
  • Paper making, gun powder (1000 AD), compass, alcohol, tea production, silk, umbrella, Iron smelting, porcelain, bronze vessel, lacquer, seismograph of earthquake weathercock, paper money, horse-drawn war chariots, escapement device, pharmacology, acupuncture, 1st movable type printer by Pi Sheng, magnetic iron ore
• Persian Civilization (559 B.C.E-331 B.C.E)

  • also known as Achaemenid Empire; Ancient Iranian Empire
  • Gold & silver coinage, 1st regular postal system, taxation system, Qanat, Sulfuric acid (discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi)
• Ancient Greek Civilization

  • Philosophy & Mathematics
  • Bronze Age to Iron Age
  • Mathematical Models (geometry, logical deductions, trigonometry)
  • Invented the Alarm Clock & Watermills
• Ancient Rome 

  • newspaper, codex, introduced Roman numerals, 
  • Engineering (e.g. Pantheon, cathedrals, basilica), used odometer by Archimedes, tower crane, water clock, Anaximander pioneering cartography, Olympics, Julian calendar (12 months, 365 days, and leap day in every four years)
• Science and Technology in Middle Ages

  • 5th to 15th century from the Fall of Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
  • Was Science dead in Medieval Society?
  • Early Middle Ages (500-1000 AD) - Dark Ages
  • High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD) - Rebirth of Science and Scholasticism
  • Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) - Scholasticism and Scientific Method
• Arabic & Islamic Civilization

  • scientific and technological  knowledge
  • Arab system of numbers, alchemy, used glass lens for magnification, manufacture black powder, produced first gun made up of bamboo