science

• Cation

  • Positively charged
  • More protons than electrons
• Neutron


  • Has no net electric charge
• Isotopes of Carbon

  • Carbon 12
  • Carbon 13
  • Carbon 14
• Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom


  Describes the probable location of electrons within the atom using atomic orbitals
• Mass number

  • Number of protons = Number of neutrons
  • Atomic number + Number of neutrons
• A neutral atom becomes an ion


  Either by losing an electron (cation) or by gaining an electron (anion)
• Proton

  • Has an electric charge of +1 and is stable by itself
• Isotopes of Hydrogen

  • H-1 = protium - 0 neutron
  • H-2 = deuterium - 1 neutron
  • H-3 = tritium - 2 neutrons
• Bohr Model of Atom

  1. Electrons can jump from one level to another

  2. Each orbit has a Quantum number
• Atomic Orbital


  Describes a region with a high probability of finding electrons
• Valence Shell


  Outer shell, a stable atom has a full valence shell
• Atomic number


  Number of protons in the nucleus
• Excited state


  • Where electrons are in a temporary position of higher energy than the ground state
  • Unstable
• Valence Electron


  Electrons in the outer shell
• Isotopes


  Variations of chemical elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
• Anion


  • Negatively charged
  • More electrons than protons
• Ground state


  Where electrons are in the position of lowest energy possible
• Core Electrons


  Inner shell
• Energy levels

  • Broken down into size
  • Atom orbitals are also known as sublevels and subshells
• Electron


  • Has an electric charge of 1
  • Smaller than proton & neutron
• Atomic mass


  • Protons + Neutrons
  • Atomic number = Mass - Neutrons
  • Neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number