Gen Bio

• Levels of taxonomic category

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Cellular Organization

  All living things are composed of one or more cells. Cells carry out the basic activities of living things
• Protista


  Most of the unicellular eukaryotes are grouped into this kingdom as well as the multicellular algae
• Domain Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol ether linkages and often live in extreme environments
• Energy Utilization and Metabolism


  All living things use energy. Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions within a living organism to maintain life.
• Responsiveness

  All organisms exhibit responsiveness, the ability to detect and react to stimuli in the external or internal environment
• Biology is the study of living things- literally the science of life
• Domain Eukarya consists of most familiar organisms and many that are not. Eukaryotes can be classified into 4 kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
• Animalia


  Organisms in this kingdom are non-photosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally
• Plantae

  The kingdom contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are terrestrial such as the flowering plant
• Domain

  The highest level of taxonomic category that represents the broadest and most inclusive group of organisms
• All living things share fundamental properties passed down over million years from the first organisms to evolve on Earth

  • Cellular organization
  • Growth, Development, and Reproduction
  • Energy utilization and metabolism
  • Homeostasis and Adaptation
  • Heredity
  • Responsiveness
• Domain Bacteria are common in human daily life and can be found almost everywhere. The cell walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan
• Fungi


  This kingdom contains mostly multicellular non-photosynthetic organisms that digest their food externally such as mushrooms
• Example of Protista

  • Slime molds, algae, protozoans
• Domains

  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
• Reproduction

  The process by which living organisms produce individuals of the species. It ensures the transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next, allowing for the preservation and propagation of species
• Growth, Development, and Reproduction


  All living things grow, develop, and reproduce. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and conjugation. More complex organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and develop by producing different kinds of cells
• Heredity

  All organisms possess a genetic system based on the replication and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
• Homeostasis/Regulation


  All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions. Organisms act to keep their internal conditions relatively constant, a process called homeostasis
• Cellular Level

  • Atoms form stable assemblies called molecules
  • Large complex molecules are called macromolecules, such as DNA
  • Complex biological molecules are assembled into organelles
  • Cells are the basic units of life
• Responsiveness

  The ability to detect and react to stimuli (changes in the external or internal environment)
• Ecosystem Level

  • Biological community and physical habitat together form an ecosystem
  • The entire planet is a global ecosystem called the biosphere
• Cell Theory is a fundamental principle in biology describing the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
• Organismal Level

  • Cells of multicellular organisms exhibit four levels of organization
  • Tissues are groups of similar cells acting as a functional unit
  • Tissues are grouped into organs, which are composed of different tissues
  • Organs are grouped into organ systems, which form an individual organism
• The cell theory is the unifying foundation of biology
• Metabolic Classification According To Energy, Carbon And Electron sources

  • Energy Source
  • Carbon Source
  • Electron Source
• Populational Level

  • Individual organisms occupy hierarchical levels within the living world
  • Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place
  • All populations of a particular organism form a species
  • Biological community consists of populations of different species living together
• Plants are lithotrophs
• Robert Hooke, an English scientist and microscopist, was the first to observe cells in plant tissue (cork) in 1665 and coined the word 'cell'
• Louis Pasteur, 1862: his set of experiments irrefutably disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and earned him the prestigious Alhumbert Prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences
• Robert Brown, 1833: discovered the nucleus in plant cells
• Matthias Jakob Schleiden, 1838: concluded that all plant tissues are composed of cells and declared that the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter
• Hermann Fol, 1879: observed the penetration of a spermatozoon into an ovum and proved its essential role in fertilization
• The cell theory states: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism, and cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
• Louis Pasteur: '“Omne vivum ex vivo” (“Life only comes from life”)'
• Felix Dujardin, 1835: discovered the protoplasm and named it “sarcode”
• The modern cell theory includes principles such as the cell containing hereditary information (DNA), all cells being basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities, and energy flows occurring within cells
• Theodor Schwann, 1839: extended the cell theory to animals, bringing botany and zoology together under one unifying theory
• Robert Hooke, 1665: an English scientist and microscopist, was the first to observe cells in plant tissue (cork)