Micro

• Push/pull model of travel motivation

  • Push - personal needs
  • Pull - attractions
• A knowledge of a country's culture is important to understand how individuals in that country will behave
• Man's desire to travel is due to his social nature
• Travel increases sociability and helps develop friendships
• Types of tourist roles

  • Organized mass tourist
  • Individual mass tourist
  • Explorer
  • Drifter
• An individual learns of the alternative ways of satisfying his or her needs from personal experiences and from information gained from the commercial or social environment
• Preferences of international tourists

  • Relaxation versus activity
  • Familiarity versus novelty
  • Dependence versus autonomy
  • Order versus disorder
• Push/pull model of travel motivation

  Closely related to the concept of hierarchy of needs as described by Abraham Maslow
• Social tourism is a subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the government, employer, or labor union to achieve social goals
• Alternatives are linked to the person's motives by a set of decision criteria - guidelines used by the individual to select among alternatives
• An understanding of the host culture is necessary to avoid culture shock for the tourist
• Tourism is concerned with moving mere intercontact between people in different geographical locations
• Socioeconomic variables affecting travel

  • Age
  • Income
  • Social status
  • Education
  • Life stages of family
• Types of travelers based on travel purpose

  • Business travelers
  • Pleasure/personal travelers
• Conflict between host and guest depends on the similarity in their standards of living and the extent to which tourists adapt to local standards
• Cultural patterns are c
• Part of the marketing task is to make people aware of their needs and present them with an objective, the purchase or attainment of which will help satisfy that need
• Basic travel motivators

  • Physical motivators
  • Cultural motivators
  • Interpersonal motivators
  • Status and prestige motivators
• Types of travelers based on personality

  • Psychocentrics
  • Allocentrics
• Travel constraints

  • Lack of money
  • Lack of time
  • Lack of safety and security
  • Physical disability
  • Family commitments
  • Lack of interest in travel
  • Fears of travel
• The International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS) was organized in 1963 to encourage the development of social tourism on an international scale
• Culture


  A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and forms of behavior that are shared by a society and transmitted from one generation to another
• Travel is a means to satisfy a need and want
• Tourist motivations


  • Need for escape or change
  • Travel for health
  • Sports
  • Social contact
  • Status and prestige
  • Education
  • Personal values
  • Cultural experience
  • Shopping and bargain hunting
  • Professional and business motives
  • Search for natural beauty
• Factors influencing the mode of transportation chosen

  • Cost, time spent in traveling, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips, ground services, terminal facilities and location, status and prestige, departure and arrival times
• Cultural factors with tourist appeal within a country

  • Art, music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture, education, literature and language, science, government, religion, food and drink, history
• The improvement in transportation encouraged the desire to travel
• Fast and efficient means of transportation can bring travelers to any place in the world
• Tourism is a significant means of promoting cultural relations and international cooperation
• Introduction of jet airplanes led to the decline in the use of ships as a scheduled passenger transportation mode
• Developments in transportation had a very powerful effect on tourism
• Cultural patterns are changed by both internal and external forces
• Cultural tourism covers all aspects of travel in which people learn about each other's way of life
• Hotels are rated based on the quality of the physical structure
• In some cases, hotels may lease the property from the owner and manage it
• Introduction and development of the automobile industry led to the building of roadside hotels or motels
• Development of railways led to the establishment of hotels near the railroad station
• Hotels are usually operated by people who own the property
• Use of automobile has increased in North America, Europe, and Asia
• Bus provides intercity passenger transportation services as well as charter and tour services