H.A Lec ( MIDTERM)

• Pain is an early predictor of impending disability
• Core body temperature is 36.5 - 37.7’C
• Hypothermia – less than 36’C or 97’F maybe seen in prolonged exposure to the cold hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism or starvation
• Hyperthermia – more than 38’C or 96’F maybe seen in viral or bacterial infection, malignancies, trauma and various blood ,

  endocrine and immune disorders
• Pulse- A shock wave is produced when the heart contracts and forcefully pumps blood out of the ventricles into

  the aorta.
• The shock wave travels along the fibers of the arteries and is commonly called the arterial or peripheral pulse
• One of them is Radial pulse - and it gives a good overall picture of the client’s health status
• The respiratory rate and character are additional clues to the client’s overall health status.
• Respirations

  Rate, Rhythm, and Depth
• Tachypnea —quick, shallow breaths
• Bradypnea —abnormally slowbreathing
• Apnea —cessation of breathing
• Cardiac output: means the amount pumped by the heart
• Elasticity or compliance of blood vessels- in older people, elasticity of blood vessels decreases thereby increases BP
• Blood viscosity- (viscosity increases markedly when the Hct is more than 60-65%. Increased viscosity raises BP.
• Acute pain- associated with recent injury
• Chronic nonmalignant pain- associated with a specific cause or injury and described as constant that persists for more than 6 month
• Cancer pain -often due to the compression of peripheral nerves or meninges or from damage to these structures following surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or tumor growth and infiltration
• Cutaneous pain- occurring in the skin or subcutaneous tissue
• Visceral pain - occurring in the abdominal cavity ,thorax and cranium
• Deep somatic pain- occurring in the ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels and nerves
• Radiating pain - perceived from the source extending to the other tissues
• Referred pain - perceived in body areas away from the pain source
• Phantom pain - perceived by the nerves left by missing, amputated, or paralyzed body part
• Neuropathic pain- abnormal processing of pain messages due to the damage in peripheral or central nerves due to sustained neurochemical levels
• Intractable pain- high resistance to pain relief
• pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage”
• EPIDERMIS: THIN LAYER COMPOSED OF EPITHELIALTISSUE.
• DERMIS: THICK DEEPER LAYER THAT CONTAINSBLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, NERVES, HAIRFOLLICLES AND SWEAT AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
• SUBCUTANEOUS: INNER MOST LAYER OF THE SKIN.
• A = ASYMMETRY

  B = BORDER INTEGRITY

  C = COLOR VARIATION

  D = DIAMETER GREATER THAN 0.5CM
• CAFÉ-AU-LAIT SPOTS: FLAT LIGHT BROWN UNIFORMALY HYPERPIGMENTED MACULES OR PATCHES ON THE SKIN SURFACE
• CHERRY ANGIOMAS: TINY BRIGHT RED ROUND PAPULES THAT MAYBECOME BROWN OVER TIME.
• PAPULAR RASH: SMALL RAISED CIRCUMSCRIBED AND DISCOLORED(RED TO PURPLE) LESIONS.
• PORT WINE HEMANGIOMAS: FLAT PURPLE MARKS USUALLY PRESENTAT BIRTH MAY APPEAR ON THE FACE AND UPPER BODY.
• PRURITUS: UNPLEASANT ITCHING SENSATION
• PURPURIC LESIONS: PETECHIAE – BROWN, PINPINT LESIONS.
• ECCHYMOSES: BLUISH OR PURPLISH DISCOLORATION.
• HEMATOMAS: MASSES OF ACCUMULATED BLOOD.
• TELANGIECTASES: PERMANENTLY DILATED, SMALL BLOODVESSELS TYPICALLY IN A WEBLIKE PATTERN.