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• <S::Each data instance shall be assigned only one correct class label.
• Universal Precautions

  • All patients are considered possible carriers of blood-borne pathogens
  • CDC excludes urine and body fluids not visibly contaminated by blood
• OSHA

  Ensures safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education, and assistance
• Chain of Infection

  1. Universal Precautions

  2. Standard Precautions
• TJC


  Accredits laboratories to improve health care quality and value by evaluating health care organizations
• CDC


  Responsible for controlling the introduction and spread of infectious diseases, providing consultation and assistance to improve disease prevention and control
• CLSI


  Nonprofit, educational organization for the development, promotion, and use of national and international laboratory standards
• Standard Precautions

  • All body fluids and moist body substances are considered potentially infectious
  • Includes handwashing, gloves, eye protection, face shield, gown, patient care equipment, environmental control, linen, occupational health, patient placement, OSHA standard
• Types of Safety Hazards

  • Biological
  • Chemical
  • Radioactive
  • Electrical
  • Fire/Explosive
  • Physical
• CAP


  Offers the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program to help laboratories achieve the highest standards of excellence impacting patient care
• Agencies


  • OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  • CLSI- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
  • CDC- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • CAP- College of American Pathologists
  • TJC- The Joint Commission
• Chemical hazards precautions

  If skin contact occurs, flush the area with a large amount of water for at least 15 minutes then seek medical attention
• NFPA Hazard Diamond
• Handwashing

  1. Wet hands with warm water

  2. Apply antimicrobial soap

  3. Rub to form a lather, create friction, and loosen debris

  4. Thoroughly clean between fingers and rings, and up to the wrist, for at least 15 seconds

  5. Rinse in downward position

  6. Dry with paper towel

  7. Turn off faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent recontamination
• Classification of Hospitals

  • According to Ownership: Government, Private
  • According to Scope of Services: General, Specialty
• Sharp hazards precautions

  • Use puncture-resistant containers
  • Do not recap directing the point of the needle towards any part of the body
• Fire/Explosive hazards precautions

  1. R-ESCUE

  2. A-CTIVATE THE INSTITUTIONAL ALARM SYSTEM

  3. C-ONTAIN ALL DOORS TO POTENTIALLY AFFECTED AREAS

  4. E-XTINGUISH THE FIRE, IF POSSIBLE, EXIT THE AREA

  5. P-ULL PIN

  6. A-IM AT THE BASE OF THE FIRE

  7. S-QUEEZE HANDLES

  8. S-WEEP NOZZLE SIDE TO SIDE
• Four Traditional Hospital Services

  • Nursing Services
  • Support Services
• Chemical hazard standard precautions


  • Know the location and proper use of emergency showers and eyewash stations
  • No attempt should be made to neutralize chemicals that come in contact with the skin
  • Chemicals must be added in order specified
  • Acid should always be added to water
  • Pipetting by mouth is unacceptable
  • Appropriate work practices
  • Standard operating procedures
  • Engineering controls, such as fume hoods and flammables safety cabinets
  • Employee training requirements
  • Medical consultation guidelines
• Healthcare facilities

  • Hospital Organizations
  • Physician Office Laboratories
  • Health Maintenance Organizations
  • Reference Laboratories
  • Blood Donor Centers
• Preventive measures for hazardous materials

  • Containers
  • Providing free immunization for HBV
  • Establishing a daily disinfection protocol for work surfaces
  • Using an appropriate disinfectant for blood-borne pathogens (Sodium Hypochlorite - Household bleach diluted 1:10)
  • Providing medical follow-up for employees who have been accidentally exposed to blood-borne pathogens
  • Documenting regular training in safety standards for employees
• Physical hazards precautions

  1. Avoid running in rooms and hallways

  2. Watch for wet floors

  3. Bend the knees when lifting heavy objects

  4. Keep long hair pulled back

  5. Avoid dangling jewelry

  6. Maintain clean and organized work area
• BLOOD DONOR CENTERS


  Phlebotomists collect, label, and prepare blood components for transfusions, interact with the public, conduct interviews and testing samples to screen potential donors
• REFERENCE LABORATORIES

  Large, independent laboratories that perform routine and specialized tests, phlebotomists collect samples from patients referred to the laboratory
• Types of patients for treatment

  • Children
  • Women
  • Elderly
  • Others
• Right to Informed Consent
• Clinical Laboratory


  Provides data to the healthcare team to aid in determining the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a patient
• PATIENT’S RIGHTS (DOH)
• Right to Information
• Four Traditional Hospital Services

  • Nursing Services
  • Support Services
  • Fiscal Services
  • Professional Services
• PHYSICIAN OFFICE LABORATORIES


  Consist of primary care physicians or specialists, responsible for processing and packaging samples to be sent to the hospital laboratory
• Professional Service Departments

  • Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging
  • Radiation Therapy
  • Respiratory Therapy
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Occupational Therapy
  • Pharmacy
  • Physical Therapy
  • Cardiovascular Testing
  • Clinical Laboratory
• The Right to Choose a Health Care Provider and Facility
• Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
• HEALTH MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS (HMOS)


  Managed care group practice centers that provide various services, members are charged a prepaid fee for all services, phlebotomists are employed as part of the clinical laboratory staff
• Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment
• The patient has the right to avail himself/herself of any recommended diagnostic and treatment procedures
• Right to be informed of the result of the evaluation of the nature and extent of his/her disease
• Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors
• Right to Leave