geo paper 2

• reasons for uneven development

  landlocked countries

  natural disasters

  poor climate

  poor farm land

  few raw materials
• What are the main historical reasons for uneven development?

  Colonisation - challenges reconstructing their economy

  Conflict

  Neo-colonialism
• What are the main economic reasons for uneven development?

  Bad geographic position and trade links

  Lots of debt

  An economy dominated by primary production
• consequences of uneven development


  international migration

  large differences in income

  large differences in health
• strategies used to reduce the global development gap:

  industrial development

  tourism

  microfinancial loans

  cancelling debt

  aid
• causes of economic change in the UK?

  De-industrialisation

  Globalisation

  Government policies
• globalisation - the process of increasing interdependence between countries, resulting in the spread of ideas, technology, and culture
• how to measure development

  GNI per Capita

  life expectancy

  infant mortality rate

  access to safe water

  HDI (human development index)

  literacy rate

  birth and death rates
• evidence for a north-south divide

  education

  wages

  housing prices

  transport

  health/ life expectancy
• Impacts of traffic congestion:

  social - late to work, anxious and stress

  economic - congestion causes expensive delays for businesses, more fuel = increases transport costs

  environmental - increases exhaust emissions,, reducing local air quality, increases city's carbon footprint
• How does aid reduce the gap

  • provides long-term benefits such as roads, electricity and water management
  • improves people's quality of life by focusing on health care, education and services
  • Goat Aid from Oxfam - project the provides family with a goat because its a good food source, manure for fertiliser, milk can be sold
• how does investment reduce the development gap

  • increases profit by developing infrastructure (water, roads, electricity), harbours and ports, new industries
  • economy grows = poverty decrease = education increases
  • industrial development brings employment, higher income and opportunities to invest in housing
• how does tourism reduce the development gap

  countries with tropical beaches, landscapes, wildlife become tourist destinations, this leads to investments used for education, infrastructure and housing. However, if highly dependant on tourism, the economy becomes vulnerable during the unseasonal months
• how does fairtrade reduce the development gap

  • ensures producers in LICs get a fair deal
  • in return, farmers farm in an environment friendly way
  • farmer gets all the money from the sale of the crop
  • encourages trade between member countries
• Tourism - Jamaica

  • largest island in the caribbean
  • beaches, warm climate, rich cultural heritage
  • tourism is the main source of employment providing 200,000 jobs (hotels, tourist attractions)
  • improving quality of life (montego Bay), high level of investment on infrastructure
  • environmental issues - footpath erosion, excessive waste
  • 24% of Jamaica's GDP comes from tourism
• Freiburg

  • Located south germany
  • needed a sustainable lifestyle as they has a young generation
  • 2x more bikes than cars
  • stadium powered by solar panels to reduce wasted energy
  • hosts daily farmers market to reduce carbon emissions when transporting foods
  • spare land turned into gardens
  • trams run regualarly
• Importance of bristol

  has two universities

  international airport

  good rail links

  international migration - Poland, somalia, india

  business from London moving because rent is cheaper
• opportunities in Bristol

  social

  • increase in cultural mix eg st paul's carnival
  • Bristol has two football clubs

  economic

  • low unemployment rate due to technology company offices like toshiba
  • development of areas such as Cabot circus - retail and entertainment businesses grow
  • integrated transport system

  environmental

  • 'urban greening' - aim to cover 30% of city with green space
  • 90% live near a park or waterway
• challenges created by growth - Bristol


  urban deprivation and social inequality

  • Filwood (south bristol) - top 10% of most deprived areas in the country, 1300 crimes each year, life expectancy is lower than the national average
  • Stoke Bishop (north west) - most affluent areas in the country, less than 300 crimes each year, life expectancy above national average

  environmental challenges

  • over 0.5million tonnes of waste each year
  • building on brownfield sites
  • abandoned industrial buildings since industrial revolution

  Urban sprawl
• brownfield site - building on an old industrial site that has been cleared and is now being redeveloped

  • rise of unearthing contamination from industrial waste
• greenfield site - a site that has not previously been developed on

  • loss of wildlife and areas of natural beauty
• Describe urban sprawl in Bristol

  Urban sprawl is when a city spreads into the rural-urban fringe surrounding it

  New houses are continuing to be built on greenfield sites north of Bristol

  8000 homes were built in the Bradley Stoke area

  3000 homes have been built in the Harry Stoke area.
• causes of urbanisation

  rural-urban migration

  natural increase
• push factors for rural-urban migration

  natural disasters destroying peoples homes

  desertification makes the land less productive
• strategies for sustainable urban living:

  1Water conservation - rainwater can be reused in homes

  Energy conservation - solar panels

  Creating green space - cleaner air, habitats for wildlife

  Waste recycling - saves space which can be used for housing
• Strategies for resolving regional differences in the UK (northsouth divide)

  The Northern Powerhouse

  Devolve more powers

  Create enterprise zones
• links between uk and the rest of the world

  culture

  • film, music, sports

  trade

  • member of the EU, exported £647 billion in goods and services

  Commonwealth

  • aim is to help all nations in the commonwealth (54)
  • Commonwealth games promote democracy and human rights

  transports

  • london has 4 airports, heathrow is the 7th busiest - transporting 75 million passengers a year

  electrical communication

  • underwater fibreoptic cables that allow communications and internet traffic to go between europe and the UK
• What is Northern Powerhouse?

  1The Northern Powerhouse was a plan to create a 'London of the North'

  However, not much action has been taken. Rail links between northern cities happen at the end of HS2, which is likely to finish between 2035 and 2055
• Rio de Janeiro

  • south-east Brazil

  4 zones:

  • north - industry, squatter settlements, international airport
  • centro - historic buildings, financial centre (oil and mining headquarters)
  • west - olympic stadiums, industrial areas, low quality housing
  • south - main tourists hotels, beaches, wealthiest district, largest favela (Rochina)
• importance of Rio

  • host of 2016 Olympics and matches during 2014 World cup
  • Christ the redeemer - 7 wonders of the world
  • international transport hub
  • manufacturing industries eg chemicals
• Social challenges in Rio

  Education

  • number of children attending school decreasing
  • children dropping out of school
  • teachers arent paid enough
  • shortages of teachers

  Health care

  • infant mortality rate is high
  • no medical care in west zone for pregnant women
  • average life expectancy is 45

  water supply

  • reservoirs are empty
  • 12% of rios population dont have running water
  • illegal access of water

  energy

  • frequent blackouts
  • demand from olympics
  • illegally tapping into main supply - death
• social challenges in Rio - solutions

  education

  • offer free opportunities such as football clubs, swimming lessons
  • children dropping out
  • gov should spend more on education so teachers have enough pay
  • locals should volunteer to become teachers

  Health care

  • portable healthcare kits for pregnant women and those with children

  water supply

  • 300km new pipes laid for the empty reservoirs
  • lay more pipes so everyone has access

  energy

  • install 60km of new cables
  • new nuclear generator built
• What are the main sources of water pollution in the UK?

  • Pesticides or fertilisers (particularly phosphates or nitrates)
  • Factories release pollutants into bodies of water
  • Fuel spills
• nigeria's importance

  global:

  • supplies 2.2% of the worlds oil - 15th largest producer
  • financial services, telecommunications and media
  • 5th largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions

  regional:

  • fastest growing economy in africa
  • highest GDP, 3rd largest manufacturing sector
  • lacks infrastructure eg roads, powercuts
• nigeria

  political:

  • part of the british empire until 1960
  • china is starting to invest in nigeria

  social

  • multi-ethnic, multi-faith - source of civil war
  • inequality between north and south created religious tensions which cause an unstable situation

  cultural

  • nigerian music, 'nollywood' 2nd largest film industry

  environment

  • tropical grassland for grazing cattle
  • semi-desert
  • deforestation, oil spills and forest fires
• nigeria


  traditionally, primary products such as cocoa, timber, palm oil were main source of income. Oil accounts for 95% od export earnings

  • employment in agriculture is steadily declining due to better farming machinery and better pay elsewhere
  • fastest growing industrial sector in africa
  • rapid growth of tertiary sector such as retail and finance
• TNC's in Nigeria


  transnational corporation -

  advantages

  • provide employment and development of new skills
  • more money spent in the economy
  • investments in infrastructure and education
  • valuable export revenues earnt

  disadvantages

  • poorly paid workers
  • poor working conditions
  • most profit goes abroad
• shell tnc working in nigeria

  advantages:

  • major contribution in taxes
  • direct employment for 65000 workers
  • provided 250000 jobs in related industries

  disadvantages

  • oil spills - water pollution, contaminated soils
  • theft and sabotage cost the government billions every year
• nigeria


  after 1960, nigeria became a member of the commonwealth and has equal status with all countries

  opec - stablises prices of oil

  main exports - refined petroleum, rubber, cotton, crude oil (dominates nigeria's export although has fallen due to the development of shale oil in the usa) india is nigeria's biggest customer

  main imports - cars (brazil), telephones, rice, wheat (usa)
• aid in nigeria

  protects people from spread of diseases such as hiv/aids

  Nets for Life (ngo) - education on malaria prevention

  community care - support for ophans

  World bank - $500million loan to fund projects and businesses

  although..

  corruption is a major factor in loss of aid

  donors many have political influence over what happens to aid

  country may become more dependant