b3 and b4

• Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium and then to the right ventricle
• Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium , then left ventricle
• Valves make sure that backwards flow doesn't happen
• Process of blood through the heart.

  1. Blood flows to right atrium from vena cava - left atrium from pulmonary vain
  2. Atria contracts flowing blood into ventricles
  3. Ventricles then contract pushing blood from right ventricle into the Pulmonary artery for the lungs - Left ventricle to aorta for the body
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood towards heart
• Capillaries have one cell thick walls
• Plasma carries components in the blood
• Red blood cells have no nucleus and are biconcave for more surface area
• Antitoxins produce antibodies against microorganisms
• Phagocytosis - the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles
• Platelets help blood clot and have no nucleus
• Epidermal tissue helps reduce water loss as it has a waxy cuticle that prevents water from moving out
• Palisade Mesophyll - contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis and is found under the Epidermal Tissue
• Spongy Mesophyll have air spaces that allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf
• Transpiration - movement of water
• Translocation - movement of food substances
• Xylem is made out of dead cells and carries water up
• Phloem have sieve plates and can carry nutrients up and down the plant
• High Temperature makes transpiration faster
• High Humidity makes Transpiration slower as it decreases concentration gradient
• High air flow makes rate of transpiration higher
• Higher Light intensity makes Transpiration faster as it makes photosynthesis faster
• Bile is produced in liver and Gal bladder
• Bile is released into small intestine
• Bile neutralises hydrochloric acid
• Bile emulsifies drops of fat to create more surface area
• Test for sugars - Benedict + food - from blue to brick red
• Test for Starch - Iodine + food - Red to black-blue
• Test for protein - Biuret + food - turns purple if protein present
• Test for lipids - Ethanol + food - makes cloudy white layer