RAWR

• Pattern of Paragraph Development


  Presents ideas in a logical and consistent structure to manage information in an essay
• Narrative

  1. Storytelling

  2. Elements of narration: Characters, Setting, Plot, Point of view, Theme, Tone, Style, Conflict
• 8 Patterns of Development

  • Narrative
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Classification
  • Comparison-Contrast
  • Cause and Effect
  • Problem Solution
  • Persuasion
• Definition

  1. What something means, does, and used for

  2. Denotation and Connotation

  3. Formal (term-specie-def)
• Pattern of Development


  • Refers to the particular strategy writers use to develop ideas
  • Ideas easily and understand a text better
  • Help develop and organize information in essays or compositions
• Cause and Effect

  An action and a reaction where an action taken would result in a reaction
• Organization


  • A clear statement of purpose, position, facts, justifications, or opposing viewpoints
  • Achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged
• Coherence


  Quality of being logical, consistent, and able to be understood
• Writing


  The process of choosing the appropriate letters, symbols, characters, and symbols
• Properties of a Well-Written Text

  • Organization
  • Coherence and Cohesion
  • Language use
  • Mechanics
• Cohesion


  Connection of ideas at the sentence level
• Problem Solution

  Starts with a negative situation and ends with a positive solution
• Coherence


  Logical order in writing
• Persuasion

  1. Reason and logic

  2. Invoking emotion: Ethos/Credibility, Logos/Logical Appeal, Pathos/Emotional Appeal
• Arrangement of Details

  • Chronological order
  • Spatial order
  • Emphatic order
• Reading


  The act of decoding letters, characters, or symbols
• Classification

  Categorize ideas (types/kinds)
• Cohesion


  Act of forming a whole unit, degree to which sentences are connected
• Description


  1. Details about a specific object, person, or location

  2. Adjectives and adverbs

  3. Subjective and objective
• Signal Devices


  Words that signal the transition from one point to another
• Comparison-Contrast


  Similarities and differences
• How to Achieve Coherence and Cohesion

  Developing and supporting arguments, synthesizing and integrating reading, organizing and clarifying ideas, overall sense of unity in a passage
• Parallelism


  Uses matching words, phrases, clauses, or sentence structures to express similar ideas
• Main ways that cohesion is created

  1. Reference: refer to something (pronoun)

  2. Substitution: word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier

  3. Ellipses: omitting words because it is already understood in the context
• Jargon


  • “insider” terminology
• Too informal words

  • a lot
  • till
  • kind/sort of
• Language use

  Appropriateness of word/vocabulary usage
• Too unsophisticated words

  • bad
  • get
  • give
  • good
  • show
  • big
• Transition words


  • Time: afterward, before, next, subsequent, finally
  • Sequence: moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, second, third, last
  • Space: above, next to, below, behind, beside
  • Illustration: instance, namely
  • Comparison: similarly, also, in the same way, likewise, comparison
  • Contrast: but, despite, however, even though, yet, although, on the contrary
  • Cause and effect: since, then, so, because, as a result
  • Conclusion: thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short
• Tones of writing

  • Subjective tone: writer’s personal biases and judgment
  • Objective tone: factual information and arguments
• Not gender-neutral terms

  • firemen
  • saleslady
• Too vague words

  • stuff
  • thing
• Repetitions


  Main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas
• Synonyms


  Prevent tedious word repetition
• Everyday abbreviations

  • phone
  • fridge
  • info
• Slang


  • cops
  • cool
• Reference

  Connect readers to the original word that the noun replaced
• Levels of language use

  • Informal/personal
  • Standard/academic
  • Business/technical
• Cohesion


  Act of forming a whole unit, a subset of coherence, degree to which sentences are connected, set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure
• Clichés


  • Expressions that are heavily overused (e.g., honesty is the best policy)