Rizal

• Spain and Portugal were competing on claims over the Moluccas and the Philippine Islands
• Several attempts, through revolts or uprisings by the natives to drive the foreign rulers were all futile
• Abuses of the Spanish government officials: Punishes those who aren't happy with his administration, Gives too much favors to his friends & family, The excessive power & privileges made the governor generals weak & undisciplined, The provincial government, headed by the alcalde mayor, was the most corrupt branch of the government
• More than 300 years of Spanish Suppressive colonial rule
• Gobernadorcillo & Cabeza de Barangay are the only positions a Filipino can have in the Spanish Colonial period
• Legazpi became the first Governor General of the Philippines
• The Spaniards were only able to return to the Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named the islands as "Filipinas"
• The enemy of the church will be considered as the enemy of the government
• Corrupt Government Officials in the 19th Century

  • Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) - gave the order to kill GOMBURZA
  • Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) - he was a great soldier but as a governor general, his administration was weak due to his incompetency
  • Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera - took the position twice; 1880-1883 & 1897-1898
  • Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) - a cruel and corrupt official; a tyrant who killed
• Requirements for Gobernadorcillo & Cabeza de Barangay positions: Must be 23 years old and above, Must be educated, Must own at least 500 pesos worth of property/money
• Political Positions

  • Alkalde Mayor - head in the provincial level
  • Gobernadorcillo - head of the town or pueblo
  • Cabeza de Barangay - head of the barrio government
• The lack of unity and nationalism seemed to be the culprit
• Friars could control the society & Governor General
• Regular priests were able to control the different parishes and had dominion over the Secular priests (Filipino priests)
• Legazpi established the Encomienda system and founded the city of Manila under Spain in 1571 after taking it from Rajah Sulayman
• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to the Philippines by Phillip II, the new king of Spain, and also Portugal
• Roles of Governor General

  • Chief executive in the whole archipelago
  • Head of the state & church
  • Commander in chief of the military
  • Has the power to pardon prisoners & to decide about the issues in the country
  • Power of cumplace
  • Visitador & Residencia
  • Viceroy of Mexico - ruled the Philippines indirectly as the representative of the Spanish King
  • Governor General - heads the national government
• The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the Ferdinand Magellan expedition

  March 17, 1521
• The religious orders had a huge contribution in the colonization process which is why the frailocracy had a lot of power
• Gen. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) ordered the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal
• Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) was a cruel and corrupt official; a tyrant who killed the Calamba tenants and is called the Butcher by the Cubans
• Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) gave the order to kill GOMBURZA
• Self-interest was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) was a great soldier but as a governor general, his administration was weak due to his incompetency
• Lack of preparation and training was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• Gen. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) took bribes from casino operators in Manila
• Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• Disunity because of lack of national identity was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• Policies imposed by the colonizers

  • Enforced or compulsory manual labor required for every male native between 16 to 60 years of age
  • Falla refers to payment exacted by anyone to be exempted from work
  • Polo tax imposed on every individual or family to pay to the colonial government as a symbol of vassalage to Spain
  • The natives were banned from engaging in any form of intercourse with their Asian neighbors
  • Isolation policy
  • The colonizers provoked the natives to fight among themselves thus, strengthening their hold of power
  • Divide and rule a system of landholding wherein individuals loyal to Spain were granted land as trustees
  • Encomienda the rule of the friars or the clergy
  • Frailocracy
• Events leading to the change of government system
• Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment)
• Age of Explorations and Discoveries
• Industrial Revolution
• Geographical isolation and separation was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
• Causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat
• Some of the Filipino revolts against Spanish rule

  • Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or the Tagalog revolt against the Legazpi and Lavezares administrations
  • Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against Encomenderos
  • Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tondo (1587-1588)
  • The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against Tribute (1589)
  • Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a Cagayano rebel
  • Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to Christianity
  • Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious freedom in Leyte
  • Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) of Warays of Northern Samar
  • Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga against friar and government abuses
  • Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan w/ Maniago
  • Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate Koxinga
  • Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious pagan
  • Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains
  • Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna and Cavite
  • Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) in Bohol
  • Diego & Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763) in Ilocos
  • Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British invasion
  • Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against peninsulares
  • Palmero Conspiracy (1828) a failed plot against Spain
  • Hermano Pule Religious Revolt (1840-1843) in Tayabas
• Communication gap due to language differences was a cause of the Filipinos’ defeat
• Age of Enlightenment: Enlightenment, French (literally “century of the Enlightened”), a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West
• Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera took the position twice; 1880-1883 & 1897-1898