week 4

• Under dela Torre's administration, censorship was abolished, government criticisms were accepted, and reforms were welcomed
• Queen Isabel II was ousted at the end of the Spanish Revolution and took refuge in France, while Francisco Serrano became the Marshal Regent of Spain
• In 1868, a revolution broke out in Spain against the oppressive reign of Queen Isabel II, led by Marshals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim
• The case of Teodora could have ended before 1873 and she should have been freed by then, but Mayor Antonio Vivencio del Rosario's intervention led to the case being reopened in the Royal Audiencia
• Reforms introduced by the new administration

  • The Filipinization of Parishes
  • The abolition of polo in Cavite
  • The lifting of heavy taxes to native military servicemen
  • The Education Decree of 1869
  • The creation of the Guardia Civil
• One of the turning points of Jose Rizal’s life was the unjust arrest of his mother, which had a profound influence on his becoming a political activist later on
• The Secularization of the Parishes was pioneered by Fr. Pedro Pelaez to give opportunities for secular Filipino priests to occupy parishes
• Teodora took all the accusations with calm and quiet dignity, which left an impression on Rizal even as a child of eleven about to embark on secondary school in Manila
• Jose Rizal's mother was accused based on a malicious and concocted charge to have conspired with her brother, Jose Alberto, in an attempt to kill the latter’s wife by poisoning, despite the lack of evidence against her
• During the colonial period, parishes were traditionally awarded to missionaries, the regular Spanish friars, due to the Spanish government's distrust among natives
• A new Governor General, Carlos Ma. dela Torre, was named for the Philippines during the liberal reforms
• The native priests were given the opportunity to take care of parishes only during the expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines
• Don Francisco had to hire two of the best lawyers from Manila as defense lawyers for his wife's case
• After Fr. Pedro Pelaez's death, P. Jose Burgos took his place to champion the secular priests
• Under Serrano's leadership, a republican form of government was created, ending absolute monarchy in Spain and paving the way for liberal forms to be introduced not only in Spain but also in the colonies
• Military rule was restored to the Philippines as a new administrator arrived to replace dela Torre, leading to a policy of terror
• About 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite Arsenal rose in a mutiny under Sgt. La Madrid, which was suppressed two days later
• Liberalism in the Philippines encouraged many Filipino patriots to petition the government for more political reforms
• Don Francisco instructed his children not to talk about Burgos, the Cavite mutiny, or the word "filibustero" for Paciano's protection
• Spain crowned a new monarch, Amadeo of Savoy, under the new Spanish Constitution
• Governor Gen. Rafael Izquierdo used military action to erase the joys of liberalism and dreams for future independence, attracting many enemies
• Paciano, Jose's brother, was gravely affected by the events and revealed secrets to his family after the execution of the three priests
• Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gomez were magnified as masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny by the Spanish authorities
• With Serrano ousted from power, the Spanish Cortes adopted a new administrative policy implemented for the colonies, a policy of terror
• Gomburza were executed on February 17, 1872, upon the order of Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
• The founding of the republic in Spain created issues that would take the Philippines back to the old ways
• After the untimely death of P. Pedro Pelaez, P. Jose Burgos took his place to champion the secular priests. P. Mariano Gomez and P. Jacinto Zamora partnered him in the movement
• Jose Burgos was accused of planning a rebellion aiming to assassinate Izquierdo and attack Intramuros, leading to the execution of Gomburza
• Examinations at Colegio de San Juan de Letran


  Included Christian Doctrine, Arithmetic, and Reading
• Rizal passed the examinations at Colegio de San Juan de Letran
• Rizal used the surname Rizal when he registered at Ateneo


  Decision made by Paciano due to their family name Mercado being under suspicion by Spanish authorities
• Rizal was accompanied by Paciano upon his return to Manila


  Enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal instead of going back to Letran
• Rizal progressed rapidly at Ateneo and became an emperor at the end of the month
• Rizal was allowed to enroll at Ateneo Municipal

  Through the mediation of Manuel Xeres Burgos
• Rizal returned to Calamba at the end of the school year


  Did not enjoy his vacation because his mother was still in prison
• Rizal's first professor at Ateneo was Father Jose Bech
• Rizal returned to Calamba after passing the examinations


  To stay with his family for a few more days and perhaps to attend the town fiesta
• Rizal was only in second place at the end of his first year at Ateneo but maintained excellent grades
• The martyrdom of Gomburza and the injustice to his mother


  Made Rizal become truly aware of the evils of Spanish tyranny, and that even priests can get executed as long as you are not one of them, a Spaniard
• Rizal resented some remarks of his professor in the second half of his first year at Ateneo