Chap 1

• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing DNA which controls all activities within the cell.
• Growth


  Permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
• Reproduction


  The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
• Respiration

  The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
• Movement


  An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
• Nutrition

  Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water
• Excretion

  Removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements
• Sensitivity


  The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
• Scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus and followed by the species
• Movement


  Action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
• Respiration

  Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
• Sensitivity


  Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment
• Growth


  Permanent increase in size and dry mass
• Reproduction


  Processes that make more of the same kind of organism
• Seven characteristics of living things

  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
• Genus


  Group of related species
• Nutrition


  Taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development
• Binomial names are always in italics when typed
• Biology is the study of living things which are often called organisms
• Species is described as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
• Binomial system of naming species consists of two parts showing the genus and the species
• Traditionally, organisms were classified based on the features they shared
• Example of a scientific name: Homo sapien
• Advancement of Technology allowed scientists to study DNA sequences of different species for classification
• Dichotomous Keys


  Used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features
• Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships between species
• Main reason for classifying living things is to make it easier to study them
• Dichotomous means branching into two and helps identify the name of an organism by giving two descriptions at a time
• Excretion


  Removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements
• Classification means putting things into groups
• Animals

  • Multicellular, cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts, get nutrition by eating other living things
• Main features of plants

  • Multicellular, cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts, and cell walls made from cellulose, get nutrition by photosynthesis
• Fungal cell components

  • Cell wall
• Main features of fungi

  • Usually multicellular, cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose, feed by saprophytic or parasitic nutrition
• Amphibians


  • Live on both land and water, have moist skin without scales, eggs are laid in water, larvae live in water
• Prokaryotes


  • Often unicellular, cells have cell walls not made of cellulose, no nucleus or mitochondria
• Characteristics of mammals

  • Have fur or hair, young feed on milk from mammary glands, heart has four chambers, have different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
• Mammals

  • Have fur or hair, young feed on milk from mammary glands, heart has four chambers, have different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
• Further classification of vertebrates

  Vertebrates can be divided into mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
• Fungi


  • Usually multicellular, cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose, feed by saprophytic or parasitic nutrition