chap 2

• Parts of a plant cell


  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
• Nucleus


  • Contains genetic material that controls the cell, stores DNA, and coordinates cell activities
• Cytoplasm


  • Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place, supporting cell organelles
• Cell wall


  • Made of cellulose, provides structural strength and support to the plant cell, and offers protection
• Cell membrane


  • Controls what goes in and out of the cell, providing protection and acting as the outer covering
• Ribosomes


  • Site of protein synthesis, making hundreds of proteins needed for the cell
• Parts of a bacterial cell

  • Circular DNA
  • Plasmids
• Parts of an animal cell

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
• Mitochondria


  • PowerHouse of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place, providing necessary energy for cell survival and functioning
• Chloroplasts

  • Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis, capturing light energy and converting it into food for the plant
• Plasmids


  • Small circular DNA molecules allowing bacteria to swap genetic information between them
• Cell division


  A single cell divides to make two cells, and these two cells then divide
• Cell


  The basic unit of life, like building blocks used to make something, a cell is the basic building block of an organism
• Vacuole

  • Contains cell sap for storage, helps support cell shape
• Red blood cells

  • Contain hemoglobin which helps transport oxygen throughout the organism
• Magnification is necessary to determine how much an image has been enlarged
• Root hair cells

  • Present in the roots of plants and help in the absorption of minerals and water from the soil
• Neurons


  • Nerve cells that help carry electrical impulses from one place to another
• Cell


  • The most basic unit from which organisms are made
• Magnification calculation

  Magnification = Image size / Actual size; units must be in millimeters
• Sperm and egg cells (gametes)

  • Responsible for reproduction; nuclei fuse to lead to the development of an embryo
• Formation of a multicellular organism

  Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and these systems form a multicellular organism
• Main points from Chapter 2: Organization of the organism
• If units are in micrometers, conversion to millimeters is required (multiply by 1000)
• Cell division

  A single cell divides to make two cells, and these two cells then divide to make four cells and so on
• Specialized cells


  • Cells with specific functions in an organism
• Palisade mesophyll cells

  • Present in leaves and contain chloroplasts that help in photosynthesis
• Plasmids


  Small circular DNA molecules which allow bacteria to swap genetic information between them
• Ciliated cells


  • Cilia or hair-like structures that allow the movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi