STS

• THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...2
• SCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCE IS THE CAPACITY OF A COUNTRY TO CREATE AND SUSTAIN ITS OWN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, TRADITIONS, AND PROGRAMS IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING SIGNIFICANT AND ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF WORLD SCIENCE
• TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE IS THE OPPOSITE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE – THE ALMOST TOTAL RELIANCE ON THE IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES
• TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL MEANS NATIONAL AUTONOMY OR SELF-RELIANCE IN THE ASSESSMENT, SELECTION, ACQUISITION, MASTERY, INVENTION, COMMERCIALIZATION, AND EXPLOITATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR GLOBAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE...2
• SINCE THE 1950s, THE ACQUISITION AND MASTERY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T) HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AND ADVOCATED AS ESSENTIAL TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITIVENESS, ESPECIALLY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCs) LIKE THE PHILIPPINES
• SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE...1
• TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE IS DIFFERENT FROM TECHNOLOGICAL AUTARKY – THE ALMOST TOTAL RELIANCE ON ONE’S OWN LOCAL TECHNOLOGIES
• TODAY, AS HUMAN SOCIETIES BEGIN EVOLVING TO THE HIGHLY TECHNOLOGIZED, COMPUTERIZED, DIGITALIZED, GLOBALIZED, AND BORDERLESS “KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY” OF THE 21ST CENTURY, MANY LDCs ARE REALIZING THAT THEIR ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL VIABILITY AS NATIONS WILL DEPEND ON THEIR LEVEL OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE
• SCIENTIFIC INDEPENDENCE IS THE OPPOSITE OF SCIENTIFIC DEPENDENCE
• THE IMPORTANCE OF S&T TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT...1
• SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE...3
• Levels of technological capability (2)

  • Duplicative Capability
  • Improved-Design Capability
  • Reproductive Capability
• Technological independence can be attained by a country through the acquisition, imitation, learning, and improvement of foreign technologies but it cannot be sustained unless the country also has scientific independence
• Ladder of firm-level technological capabilities according to Posadas (2010)

  • Duplicative Capability
  • Improved-Design Capability
  • Reproductive Capability
  • Innovative Capability
• Levels of technological capability (1)

  • Acquisitional Capability
  • Operative Capability
  • Adaptive Capability
  • Integrative or Investment Capability
• To be globally competitive in the 21st century, a country must have attained technological independence with respect to the latest technologies and scientific independence
• Dimensions of national S&T development

  • Basalla’s stages in the scientific development of a country: Naturalist Science
  • Colonialist Science
  • Independent Science
• Levels of Technological Capability

  • Duplicative Capability
  • Improved-Design Capability
  • Reproductive Capability
• Operative Capability - the ability to implement, operationalize, and repair an externally acquired technology
• Creative Capability - the ability to create a radically novel, breakthrough technology through endogenous research and development and to commercialize it into a new-to-the-world product or process
• Improved-Design Capability - the ability to improve the design of an existing product in terms of performance, architecture, or aesthetics without changing the technology
• Innovative Capability - the ability to design and commercialize an incremental but significant improvement of the core or basic technology of an existing product or process
• Adaptive Capability - the ability to adapt an external technology to local conditions through the modification of its scale, capacity, inputs, and peripheral components
• Acquisitional Capability - the ability to assess, select, and acquire appropriate technologies from external sources
• Integrative or Investment Capability - the ability to assemble a complex technological system or commission a production facility on a self-reliant basis
• Reproductive Capability - the ability to reproduce the core component of an externally acquired product technology
• Duplicative Capability - the ability to reverse engineer and make a duplicate of an externally acquired product or process technology
• Ladder of Firm-Level Technological Capabilities according to Posadas (2010)

  • Acquisitional Capability
  • Operative Capability
  • Adaptive Capability
  • Integrative or Investment Capability
  • Duplicative Capability
  • Improved-Design Capability
  • Reproductive Capability
  • Innovative Capability
  • Creative Capability
• Types of Technology

  • First Wave Technologies: Copper, Bronze, Iron, Ceramic
  • Second Wave Technologies: Steel, Aluminum, Petrochemicals
  • Third Wave Technologies: Semiconductors, Composites
  • Materials Technologies: Copper, Bronze, Iron, Ceramic, Steel, Aluminum, Petrochemicals, Semiconductors, Composites
  • Instrument Technologies: Plow, Saw, Spinning Wheel, Engines, Motors, Machine Tools, Lasers, Robots, Micromachines
  • Energy Technologies: Firewood, Watermill, Windmill, Steam Engine, Turbogenerator, Photovoltaics, Nuclear Fusion
  • Information Technologies: Printing Press, Pens, Books, Typewriter, Radio, Telephone, TV, Computers, Internet, Mobile Phone
  • Medical Technologies: Traditional Medicine, Immunization, Modern Surgery, MRI, Biotech Medicine, Smart Drugs
  • Agricultural Technologies: Traditional Agriculture, Mechanized Agriculture, Green Revolution, Biotech Agriculture, Precision Smart Farming
  • Manufacturing Technologies: Craft-Based and Guild Manufacturing, Factory-Based, Mass Production, CAD/CAE/CAM, FMS, Robotic Factories
  • Military Technologies: Sword-and-Shield, Bow-and-Arrow, Guns and Explosives, Tanks and Airplanes
• Ladder of Firm-Level Technological Capabilities according to Posadas (2010)
• Levels of Technological Sophistication

  • First-Wave Technologies: The pre-industrial craft or artisan technologies which are based on empirical know-how rather than scientific knowledge
  • Second-Wave Technologies: The industrial technologies which are based on the scientific knowledge of the bulk or macroscopic properties, structures, behaviors and interactions of matter
  • Third-Wave Technologies: The post-industrial or high technologies which are based on the latest scientific knowledge of the structures, properties, behaviors, and interactions of molecules, atoms, nuclei, and fundamental particles
• Commercialize breakthrough technology through endogenous research and development into a new-to-the-world product or process
• Dimensions of National S&T Development

  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
• Technologies

  • Sword-and-Shield
  • Bow-and-Arrow
  • Guns and Explosives
  • Tanks and Airplanes
  • Space Wars, Electronic Battlefield
• The two dimensions of technological development can give rise to the following situations