Henry

• Estouay Patement


  1259
• De Montfort threatened to leave England because

  He had to negotiate with Louis regarding his wife Eleanor's lands
• The rebels lost influence by 12617 because

  County knights' role began to grow and complaints surfaced about representatives not following their mandates
• Ordinance of the Magnates


  Ended barons' powers to stop cases in their courts, said bailiffs would be chosen like sheriffs, reforms placed on the king now on barons too
• Laws, especially the Ordinance of the Magnates, led to division between the barons because


  Richard de Clare doubted it would reduce his power and wanted safeguards before accepting it
• The barons wanted lasting peace with France because

  They didn't want to be dragged into wars abroad, had arranged a truce with Llewelyn in Wales
• At the October 1259 Parliament, pressure was growing for reforming how barons ruled because


  The Ordinance of the Magnates had raised hopes but little had changed for the County Gentry and unfree peasants were anticipating change
• At the parliament, the Jusáciar- Hugh Bigod-said he would hear cases against the barons, which was welcomed by county knights but added to the fear of people like de Clare because


  Bigod treated rich and poor with equal justice, heard cases against all sorts of barons
• Provisions of the Barons

  Barons could bring cases to their own courts, restricting their ability to abuse justice for power or income
• Two documents presented to Parliament by the Council of 15


  1. Provisions of the Barons

  2. Ordinance of the Magnates
• De Montfort was angered by de Clare's actions because

  De Clare's refusal to follow the Ordinance of the Magnates
• The lesser barons and knights began to call for change during the October Parliament
• Edward saw de Clare as a threat to his power in the Marches on the border between England and Wales


  Perceived threat
• The Ordinance of the Magnates had raised hopes, yet so far, little had changed for the County Gentry (the knights)
• Henry's son Edward became an ally of the 'bachelors' supporting their demands
• De Montfort was seen as a radical by the more conservative barons, especially the most conservative de Clare
• The Council of 15 had heard from serfs (unfree peasants) in Oxfordshire that their local knight had made them do uncustomary services, and they were complaining because they expected the Council to rectify this
• The 'bachelors of England' hinted at using force if the Council of 15 did not take action to improve local government and restrict the hold of barons over lesser barons and the county gentry

  Forceful action threatened
• Edward and de Montfort entered into a pact to support each other and the Council of 15


  Alliance formed
• The Provisions of Westminster established how England would be ruled in Henry's absence
• Provisions of Westminster

  Extended the terms of office of the Jusisiciar, treasurer, and Chancellor
• In 1258, Edward was 18 years old, married, and a large landowner
• Provisions of Westminster

  Formalised the appointment process for sheriffs, with an election outlined where county knights would choose four of their number to sit in the county court and then the exchequer barons appointed by the Council of 15 would choose one of them to be the sheriff
• The Provisions of Westminster were issued at the October 1259 Parliament, setting out the rights of tenants and establishing reforms
• Conservatives like Richard de Clare reacted in fear to the 'bachelors of England'
• Conservative and moderate members of the Council of 15 were worried about the complaints from serfs in Oxfordshire

  Worrying situation
• The group that called for change called itself the 'bachelors of England' and began to appeal for support from members of the Council of 15 and elsewhere
• Provisions of Westminster

  Set up 7 circuits of a special eyra, each led by a member of the Council of 15 along with a royal justice to investigate abuses by sheriffs, barons, and their agents
• Provisions of Westminster

  Set up committees to explore reforming the exchequer, policies towards the Jews, and forest law
• Edward worked with the Council of 15 to gain more freedom after the Provisions of Oxford restricted his freedoms
• The Justiciar would be assisted by a group of members of the Council of 15
• Henry paid homage for his lands as Duke of Gascony as part of the terms of the Treaty of Paris
• Henry opened negotiations with the Pope to see if he could absolve himself from the Provisions of Oxford
• Henry found himself outside the Council of 15's control in France
• Peace treaty agreed in December, known as the Treaty of Paris
• Selection of the sheriff

  County knights choose four of their number to sit in the county court, then the exchequer barons appointed by the Council of 15 choose one of them to be the sheriff
• Henry stayed in France due to the sudden death of Louis X's eldest son
• De Montfort left for England as soon as the Treaty had been agreed
• England would be ruled by the Justiciar in Henry's absence
• Henry began to talk about the Sicilian Affair again in France