History

• History refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source of the past human activity, people, societies and civilizations leading to the present day.
• the word history came from the Greek word Historia which means inquiry
• The term "history" is derived from the Greek word historia meaning an account or narrative, especially one with instructional content; also, knowledge acquired by investigation.
• Historian is an expert or student of history
• historical sources is an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of the past
• A primary source is a testimony of an individual who was a participant in or a direct witness to the event that is being described.
• There are five main categories of primary sources: written sources, numerical records, oral statements, relics, and images.
• The most common primary sources are written sources or documents like, travelogue, transcription of speech, autobiographies, journals or newspapers (La Solidaridad).
• numerical records includes any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form like graphical data.
• oral statements which include any form of statement made orally by an eyewitness like, video recordings, audio recordings, or transcribed
• relics refers to physical objects that have been preserved as evidence of some historical fact such as artifacts, fossils, bones, etc.
• images includes photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and maps
• Secondary Sources - these are the works produced by historians based on their research using primary sources. These can be books, articles, essays, documentaries, films, lectures, interviews, speeches, and other forms of media.
• Some types of secondary sources are history textbook, printed materials (serials or periodicals which interpret previews research), biographies, nonfiction text such as newspaper, magazine, journals, works of criticism and interpretation.
• tertiary source provides third hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary source, for examples, encyclopedia, almanac, Wikipedia, YouTube, dictionaries, message boards, social media sites
• This type of criticism looks for deeper or more intense study of sources (Internal Criticism)
• Fransisco Salazar Filipino historian
• Historical Sources Primary sources

  • Materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied, either participants or witnesses, range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, and official documents (government or private) and even photographs
• Historical Sources Images

  • Visual documents published or made by an eyewitness, or the participant
• Defining History from Filipino Language

  • Kasaysayan - Narrative - Relevance - Importance - Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinalaysayang grupo ng tao - Zeus Salazar, Filipino historian
• Historical Criticism

  • The analysis and judgment of something or someone that develops a historian's perspectives and understanding of the past
  • Required to settle historical basis based on a material's form and content
• Historical Sources Oral testimonies

  • Documented conversations written and/or published by a firsthand eyewitness, or the participant
• Historical Criticism Internal Criticism

  • Internal criticism looks at the reliability of an authenticated source after it has been subjected to external criticism
  • A test of credibility based on the content, author, and its ability to match the information it has with other sources who also share the same facts
• Historical Sources Classifications

  • Published materials: materials that have been published for public use, such as books, magazines, reading journals, travelogues, or speech transcripts
  • Manuscripts: any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed, such as archival materials, memoirs, and diaries
  • Non-written sources: oral history, artifacts, ruins, fossils, artworks, video and audio recordings
• Historical Sources Artifacts

  • Materials made by a firsthand eyewitness, or the participant
• Defining History from different Languages

  • Greek word meaning "learning or inquiry
  • German word is geschichte
  • Related to geschehen, defined as to happen
  • The past of mankind
  • Chronological record of significant events
• How are we going to prove the validity of an evidence?
• Historical Sources Written Sources

  • Materials written and/or published by a firsthand eyewitness or the participant
• Historical Criticism External Criticism

  • It is a process by which historians determine whether a source is authentic by checking the validity of the source
  • A test of authenticity based on the composition and structure
• Effective Historical Thinking

  • Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
  • Sensitivity to Context
  • Awareness of the Interplay of Continuity and change in Human Affairs
• History

  Study of the past. Often dreaded for requiring memorization of dates, places, names, and events from distant eras. Derived from the Greek word “historia” which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.” A discipline as old as philosophy and mathematics
• Traditional historians lived with the mantra of "no document, no history." It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact
• History refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other sources of the past human activity, people, societies, and civilizations leading to the present day
• Salaysay

  Narrative with significance for the group of people being narrated about
• Historians recognized the loophole of not having written documents about peasant families or indigenous groups and started using other kinds of historical sources, which may not be in written form but were just as valid
• Historiography is the history of history. It provides an understanding of historical facts, the historian's contexts, methods employed, theory, and perspective guiding the historian
• History became more inclusive and started collaborating with other disciplines like archaeology, linguistics, and sciences to study the past
• Zeus Salazar, Filipino historian: 'History refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other sources of the past human activity, people, societies, and civilizations leading to the present day'
• Kasaysayan

  Narrative, Relevance, Importance
• Historia

  The account of the past of a person or group of people through written documents and historical evidences