Module 2

• Reasons for a lower percentage yield than expected:

  • Reaction didn't go till completion
  • Loss of product
  • Side reactions occurring that were not predicted
  • Difficulty separating the product
• How can atom economy be improved?

  By finding alternative reaction pathways and by finding uses for waste products
• Strong acid


  Fully dissociates in water to release all of its H+ ions.
• Bronsted-Lowry definition of a strong acid

  A proton donor
• Weak acid


  Only partially dissociates in water to release its H+ ions
• Bronsted Lowry definition of a base

  A proton acceptor
• Metal + Acid = Salt + Hydrogen
• Metal oxide + Acid = Salt + Water
• Metal hydroxide + Acid = Salt + Water
• Metal Carbonate + Acid = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
• Decrease in oxidation state means the atom has gained electrons and therefore has been reduced.
• Increase in oxidation state means an atom has lost electrons and has therefore been oxidised.
• Disproportionation reaction


  A redox reaction in which an element is oxidised and reduced simultaneously.