C9: Memory

• Memory is the persistence of learning over time
• Building memories has three processes; Encoding, storage and retrieval
• Encoding is the process of information into the memory system
• Storage is the retention of information in the brain over time
• Retrieval is the process of getting information out of the storage
• Tip of the tongue phenomenon is the failure of retrieving a word or term from memory
• Sensory input is the response in a sensory organ when it receives stimuli
• Short-term memory (working space) is a storage that holds small amount of information in a active and readily available state for a brief period of time
• Long-term memory is a storage that holds large amounts of information for long periods of time
• Iconic memory is a visual sensory memory register that stores visual images after the extinction of a physical stimulus
• Working memory is the ability for a person to hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use
• Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that refers to facts/ideas that are not immediately drawn from personal experience
• Long-term memory has two types; Episodic and Semantic
• Procedural memory is the most basic form of memory; basic associations between stimuli and responses
• Implicit memory is a form of long-term memory that doesn't require conscious retrieval
• Explicit memory (declarative memory) is the ability to easily retrieve and recall memories
• Eidetic/photographic memory is the ability to recall visual imagery with fine details
• Hyperthymesia is the ability to remember exact dates relating to past personal experiences in exact detail
• Automatic processing is the ability for us to handle multiple tasks without overloading our cognitive resources
• Effortful processing is the process of a mental activity that requires conscious effort to perform
• Rehearsal is the repetition of information in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory
• The-next-in-line-effect is a psychological phenomenon that shows the poor recall of information presented by others immediately before speaking on their own
• Serial position effect is a psychological phenomenon that affects how well people remember items in a list or sequence
• Spacing effect is the spaced out multiple study sessions over a long period of time that improves ones memory
• 3 types of encoding for long-term memory: Visual, Acoustic and Semantic
• Visual encoding is a cognitive process where one converts visual stimuli into a mental representation that can be stored and retrieved
• Acoustic encoding is a neurocognitive process where auditory stimuli is converted into mental representation that can be stored and retrieved
• Semantic encoding is a cognitive process where sensory input from our environment is encoded to give it meaning
• Self-reference effect is the tendency for others to encode information different depending on their implication of the information
• Encoding imagery is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information into mental representation that can be stored and retrieved
• Flashbulb memory is an exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events that are very vivid and detailed
• Mnemonics are any type of device for assisting memory by forging an association between the new information to be remembered and information previously encoded
• Chunking is a mnemonic device where one breaks down information into bite-sized "chunks"
• Amnesia is the partial or complete loss of memory for one's ability to remember past events
• Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories or retain new information
• Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences/events including the time and place of occurrence
• Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories that are formed before amnesia occurs
• Hippocampus is responsible for memory and spatial awareness, it looks like a seahorse; it's apart of the Limbic System
• Cerebellum is apart of the hindbrain and is responsible for balance and coordination; is a half-circle shape or a mushroom
• Amygdala is responsible for basic emotions (aggression, fear, etc.) and is an half-oval shape; it's apart of the Limbic system