21ST

• Literature


  Derived from the Latin word "litera" meaning anything that is written
• Types of Literature

  • Oral Literature
  • Written Literature
• Oral Literature


  Preserved and handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth
• Written Literature


  Produced from the use of pen by literary writers, more permanent than oral literature
• Universality- Literature appeals to anyone, whenever, wherever
• Intellectual Value- Literature stimulates the way we think and enriches our mental ability
• Spiritual Value- Literature motivates, inspires, and brings out moral values
• Artistry- Literature draws to our aesthetic sense or sense of beauty
• Suggestiveness - Literature is open to interpretation
• Types of Literature


  • Prose
  • Poetry
  • Fiction
  • Non-Fiction
• Types of Poetry

  • Narrative
  • Dramatic
  • Lyric
• Types of Fiction

  • Short story
  • Novels
  • Play
  • Legends
  • Fable
• Types of Non-Fiction

  • Essay
  • Oration
  • Biography
  • Autobiography
  • News
  • Letters
  • Diaries & Journals
• Permanence 


  lasting influence and still relevance up to this day
• quality of great literature

  • Permanence
  • Universality
  • Artistry
  • Intellectual Value
  • Spiritual Value
  • Style
  • Suggestiveness
• Under Narrative

  • Elipics
  • Ballads
• Under Lyric

  • Haiku
  • Ode
  • Elegy
  • Sonnet
  • song
• 1898-1941


  American Period
• Schools/Universities founded in the Philippines during American Colonial Period

  • Philippine Normal College (now PNU)
  • Silliman University (first American private school)
  • Central Philippine University (second American private school)
• Short Stories

  • Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez
  • The Small Key by Paz Latorena
  • Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
• Novel: Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang
• Newspapers established during the American Period

  • El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) - Established by Sergio Osmena in 1900
  • El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) - Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900
  • El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) - Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901
• Plays during the American Period

  • Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) by Aurelio Tolentino
  • Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad
  • Malaya by Tomas Remigio
  • Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
• Characteristics and Features of the American Period

  • Zarzuela was popularized by Severino Reyes
  • Tagalog Prose Fiction writers were emotional and chose romantic adventures
  • Novels showed the emotional character of Filipinos using provincial themes
  • Poetry transformed into love poems, nationalistic, spiritual, evocative, and insightful poems
  • Short stories prospered during this time
• Three Periods during the American Period

  • The Period of Reorientation (1898-1910)
  • The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
  • Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
• 1941-1945


  Japanese Period
• Themes of Filipino poetry during the Japanese Period

  • Nationalism
  • Love and life in the barrios
  • Faith
  • Religion
  • Arts
• Types of Poems that Emerged during the Japanese Period

  • Not specified
• Filipino Drama during the Japanese Period
• Playwrights and their well-known plays during the Japanese Period

  • Jose Ma. Hernandez - "Panday Pira"
  • Francisco Soc Rodrigo - "Sa pula, sa Puti"
  • Clodualdo del Mundo - "Bulaga"
  • Julian Cruz Balmaceda - "Sino ba Kayo? Dahil sa Anak" and "Higante ng Patay"