exam 3

• supergroup archaeplastida

  • green/red algae and land plants
  • do not include brown algae
  • chlorophyll A and C
  • green has B
  • brown has D
• chlorophyta(green algae)

  • 13% of green algae
  • filaments, tubes, flat blades for shapes
  • bigger cell surrounds vacuole
  • ulva: genus of sea lettuce
• phaeophyta (brown algae)

  • large brown seaweeds that are multicellular
  • source of habitat, food, hiding place
  • dampens storm waves
  • alginates form of mucilage (thickening agent in makeup, etc)
  • trumpet cells conduct sugars around plant
• rhodophyta

  • 98% are marine
  • found in tropical water
  • cellulose makes up cell wall (coloids embedded in wall)
  • produces a mucus coating
  • relatively small
• epiphytes

  lives on other plants
• epizooics

  lives on other animals
• anthrophyta

  • marine flowering plants: roots, seeds, flowers
  • salicornia: extrude salt if salinity levels get too high
• halophytes

  • withstand high salt levels
  • thick cell walls
• seagrass

  • hydrophytes: submerged for long periods of time
  • related to lilies
  • seeds are food source for ducks
  • manatees and sea turtles eat it
  • stabilize mud
• ecotone

  • ecosystem that have a variety of organisms living in it
  • rapidly changing species' composition
  • environmental disjunction
• patch dynamic

  • not uniformly distribution across an area
  • patchy or clumped
• keystone species

  • any organism that seems essential to the health and continuation of a particular ecosystem
• urchin barrens

  • kelp forest that has been completely decimated and stripped of kelp
  • nothing but sea urchin
• urchin front

  • area at the edge of the forest where the urchins are actively attacking the kelp forest
  • sea urchins grazing on the stems, cutting the plant from its attachment structure
• drift kelp

  
  

  • main food source for urchins
  • leaves that are normally dropped by healthy kelp plants in their seasonal cycle
• habitat model

  • the more kelp biomass, the more kinds of other organisms living in or near the kelp
• trophic model

  • the more primary productivity by the kelp, the higher the level of secondary productivity by the animals
• hydrodynamic model

  • as kelp forests fluctuate, so does the environment around them
  • more kelp means reduced wave action and less food being carried off (more animal production)
  • less kelp means more water turbulence and less larval recruitment (larvae are washed away)
• macrocystis

  
  

  • prefer deep and cold water ( warm can cause diseases)
  • establishment can take 10 years and occur at any time
• nereocystis (bull kelp)

  • larvae settle out first, creating a surface canopy
  • larminaria lives in the canopies, creating a understory
• sea otters(enhydra lutris)

  
  

  • very high metabolic rate and luxurious fur
  • use macrocystis canopy to tether themselves in the water while they sleep
  • keystone species that controls the urchin number in Alaska
• CA sea lion(zalophus californianus)

  • very vocal and flexible underwater
  • fair ability to move on land as back limbs can be pulled forward to walk on land
  • rest among the macrocystis blades with their limbs out of the water to regulate body temperature (rafting)
  • males have a sagital crest
• harbor seal(phoca vitulina)

  
  

  • low cries, moans, etc
  • usually grey with a spot pattern
  • cannot move well on land since they can't pull their rear limbs forward
  • lift tails and head (jugging)
  • male demonstrates superiority over another underwater (clapping)
• abalone(haliotis)

  • very slow growing gastropod snail with a large muscular foot
  • overharvested
  • mesograzer
• kelp snail (norrisia norrisii)

  • moderate sized and smooth coiled shell
  • rust red in color with bright green area near the aperture of the shell
  • vibrant orange-red and black foot
  • hairy and round grayish operculum
  • mesograzer
• purple sea urchin(strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

  • destructive in large numbers if not regulated by predators
  • shut down their metabolism when there's no drift algae or plants to feed on
  • in a starved state, their gonads shrink so humans can't harvest
  • can get wiped out by disease
  • long larval stages
• red urchin(strongylocentrotus francsianus)

  • bigger than purple
  • vibrant maroon red to black
  • not destructive
  • harvested for their eggs
  • not a problem for kelp
• swell shark

  • small and shallow water shark
  • brown and tan with stripes
  • puff itself up by ingesting sea water, making it harder for a predator to swallow
  • egg cases: black to dark olive green, rubbery structure, and carries a single baby shark with it's yolk sack (mermaid's purse)
• horn shark

  • similar color and size to swell shark
  • dorsal fins have spines as a defense mechanism
  • large, rubbery, and screw shaped egg case that gets wedged in between rocks
• angel shark

  • large and flattened
  • large wing-like extensions on each side of body
  • pale, sand colored
  • lie under the sand surface, between kelp patches
  • darts out of surface to catch prey

  
• blue shark

  • very territorial
  • dark blue with lighter blue on belly
  • feeds on large schools of silver fish and large amounts of krill
  • big eyes

  
• basking shark

  • large brownish-gray
  • 5-7 very large gill slits on each side of the head that extends to the chin
  • filters planton
  • no teeth

  
• great white

  • eats pinnipeds (seal/sea lion)
  • attracted to blood and other bodily fluids
  • rows of teeth that get replaced

  
• manta ray

  
  

  • dark and flattened from top to bottom
  • huge, flexible, and movable wing-like extensions
  • swims through shallow water
  • eyes on the top of its head while the gills and mouth is on the bottom
  • don't sting

  
• sting ray

  • lies on the sand, partially covered
  • perpendicular spines with a large tail
  • light in color

  
• electric ray

  • dark gray and flattened
  • can generate electric voltage
  • abundant on dorsal side

  
• moray eel(gymnothorax mordax)

  • long and sinuous with pointy snouts
  • hid in dens during the day
  • needle like teeth

  
• northern anchovy, anchoveta, smelt

  • small and silver-sided
  • swim in schools
  • shift directions with currents and waves
  • is food for large fish and shark

  
• blue-banded goby

  • small, somewhat elongated fish
  • bright red with blue electric-blue stripes
  • hides under rocks or overhangs

  
• garibaldi(hypsypops rubicundus)

  • bright orange (looks like large goldfish)
  • males defend nests
  • kelp-canopy dweller
  • vibrant blue dots when younger