WOSI

• Age of Exploration:

  1. new trade routes and economic gains (made merchant and middle class)
  2. spread of new ideas and discoveries (inventions: compass)
  3. slavery (trans-atlantic slave trade)
  4. disease: european diseases killed many indigenous people and invasive species of plants and animals are introduced
  5. colonization and explotation of natural resources
• What was the Renaissance?

  "Rebrith" of classical learning and belief in human potential after devastation of plague/black death and aftermath of the crusades
• Where did the renaissance introduce movement to?

  Urban areas to cities
• Renaissance:

  1. rise of middle class and new rich (medici family): trade and banking develops; move from country to cities; access to education
  2. rediscovery of greek and roman classics: golden age
  3. humanism
  4. Renewal/explosion/innovations
• Humanism: movement from pessimistic view of the world and humanity to more optimistic
• Renewal/explosion/innovations:

  1. art and archetecture (da vinci / bruegel / michaelangelo)
  2. literature (shakespeare)
  3. science and math (copernicus / galileo)
  4. invention (gutenberg)
  5. new ideas in politics, education, religion, culture, etc. questioned the status quo, the status of the priesthood and the authority of the Catholic Church
• What was the Reformation?

  reform/protest movement (protestants) against the corruption of Catholic Church
• Who was Martin Luther?

  German priest who nailed "95 Thesis" to the door of Wittenburg -- stated grievances against indulgences and corruption of the catholic church
• Sola Fide: the belief that rituals don't get you to Heaven, faith does
• Sola Scriptura: the belief that scripture has the highest authority (over pope)
• What did the printing press (gutenberg) spread quickly?

  New ideas and the bible as it was less expensive and able to be translated into common languages
• What did Henry VII / Angelican Church have to do with the reformation?

  King Henry VII rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic pope in Rome and established an independent church in England
• What was the counter-reformation?

  catholics made own reforms and reinforced other doctrines at the council of trent
• Reformation:

  1. Martin Luther
  2. Gutenberg / printing press
  3. New denomination (Lutherans)
  4. Counter-reformation
• What was the Spanish inquisition?


  instituted by queen Isabella and Ferdinand. Part of the counter-reformation to stop the spread of the protestant reformation and create a catholic spain
• Heretics: People who disagree with the Church's teachings and are punished by the Church. Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity, and or believed to be practicing witchcraft were hunted and arrested.
• What was used as torture/punishment/fear if the heretics could not be "saved" or "converted"?


  execution, burning at the stake, property was seized
• What was the reconquista?


  series of battles against muslims in effort to rid spain of muslim rule; turned Catholicism into the dominant religion of Spain. shaped the development of the spanish state and national identity.
• What did the Alhambra decree do?


  it expelled jews from spain in 1492; pogroms; persecution
• Spanish inquisition:

  1. heretics
  2. torture / punishment / fear
  3. reconquista
  4. anti-semistism