Explain 2 assumptions of the cognitive approach (4+4)

• Computer analogy

  One key assumption of the cognitive approach is the computer analogy, which suggests that the mind functions like a computer—processing information through input, processing, and output. This means that just as a computer receives data, processes it using software, and produces an output, humans take in sensory information, interpret it using cognitive processes like attention and memory, and then respond accordingly. A clear example of this is the multistore model of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), which proposes that information passes through a linear system from sensory input to short-term memory and finally to long-term memory before being recalled as output. This model mirrors how a computer operates and supports the idea that internal mental processes can be systematically studied.
• Schemas

  Another central assumption is the role of schemas—mental frameworks built from experience that help us organise and interpret information. These schemas influence how we perceive the world and guide our expectations in new situations. For instance, a 'dog schema' might include features like four legs, barking, and fur, built through personal interactions and cultural exposure. These frameworks can shape behaviour and cognition, even if they're inaccurate. A good example is a 'burglar schema,' where individuals may picture a young male in a balaclava despite never having experienced a burglary—highlighting how schemas are influenced by media and stereotypes. This shows how the cognitive approach explains mental shortcuts and biases in perception and memory.