biomolecules

• biological macromolecules is a large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• monomer is a molecules that is a building block for larger molecules (polymers). for example, an amino acid acts as the building blocks for protein
• Polymer is a large molecule made of repeating subunits (monomer)> for example, a carbohydrates is a polymer that is made of repeating monosaccharides
• monosaccharides is a single sugar molecule, such as glucose
• disaccharide is two sugars joined together by covalent bonds
• polysaccharide is more than ten sugar units linked together
• oligosaccharide is three to ten sugar units linked together
• the building blocks of carbohydrates is monosaccharides (simple sugars) the function of it is to provide cells with quick/short term energy, source of dietary fiber. examples of it is glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, chitin
• the building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. the function of lipids is to provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes. some examples of it phospholipids, waxes, oils, grease, steroids
• the building blocks of proteins are amino acids. the functions of protein is to provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reaction. examples of it is keratin (found in hair and nails) hormones, enzyme, antibodies
• the building block of nucleic acid is nucleotides. the function of it is to store and pass on genetic information. like DNA or RNA
• carbohydrates is the nutritional category for sugars that provide short-term energy. it can be simple or complex
• monosaccharides is the simplest form of carbohydrate. they have one sugar unit. example of this is glucose, fructose, galactose.
• disaccharides is two sugar molecules joined by covalent bonds. example of this is maltose, lactose, sucrose
• polysaccharides is many sugar molecules joined by covalent bond. example of this is starch, glycogen, cellulose
• glycosidic bonds is a type of covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides or connects sugar units
• starch is a polysaccharide made up of amylase which are alpha glucose chains. it is found in plants as storage food. it is also used as an industrial material such as paper, textiles, adhesives, etc.
• Saturated fatty acids tails are straight, so fat molecules with fully saturated tails can pack tightly against one another. this tight packing results in fats that are solid at room temperature/ most of the fat in butter is saturated fat

  
• Unsaturated fatty acids or cis-unsaturated fatty acid tails are bent due to the cis double bond. this makes it hard for fat molecules with one or more cis-unsaturated fatty acids tails to pack tightly, so fats with unsaturated tails ten to be liquid at room temperature ( low melting point)- they are what we commonly calls oils. olive oil is mostly made up of unsaturated fats

  
• Trans fat is a type of fat that is solid at room temperature and is formed by hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids.

  
• digestive enzyme break down nutrients in food into small pieces that can be readily absorbed. examples of it are amylase, lipase, pepsin
• the function of transport is to carry substances throughout the body in blood or lymph. example of it is hemoglobin
• the function of the structure is to build different structures like the cytoskeleton . example of it is actin, tubulin, keratin
• the function of hormone signaling coordinate the activity of different body systems. example of it is Insulin, glucagon
• the function of defense is to protect the body from foreign pathogens. example of it is anti bodies
• the function of contraction is to carry out muscle contraction. example of it is myosin
• myosin is a protein that is found in the sarcomere of a muscle cell
• The function of storage is to provide food for the early development of the embryo or the seedling. example of it is legume storage proteins, egg white (albumin)
• Amino acids are the monomers that makeup proteins. a protein is made up of one or more linear chains of amino acids, each of which is called a polypeptide. there are 20 types of amino acids commonly found in proteins.
• Amino acids share a basic structure, which consist of a central carbon atom, known as the alpha (a) carbon, bonded to an Amino acid group (nh2) a carboxyl group (COOH) and a hydrogen atom
• nucleic acid and DNA, are key molecules for those continuity of life. DNA bears the heredity information that passed on from parents to children, providng instructions for how and when to make the many proteins needed to buil and maintain functioning cells, tissues, and organism
• DNA carries this information, and how it is put into

  action by cells and organism.
• Nitrogenous base

  1. adenine
  2. thymine (only in DNA)
  3. uracil (only in RNA)
  4. cytosine
  5. guanine
• Sugar backbone

  1. ribose (RNA)
  2. deoxyribose (DNA)
• Nitrogenous base

  1. adenine
  2. thymine (only in DNA)
  3. uracil (only in RNA)
  4. cytosine
  5. guanine

  +

  Sugar backbone

  1. ribose (RNA)
  2. deoxyribose (DNA)

  + PHOSPHATE
• deoxyribonucleic acids or DNA, chain are found in double helix, a structure in which two matching (complementary) chains are stuck together. the sugars and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the backbone of the DNA: The portion of the molecule is sometimes called the sugar-phosphate backbone. the nitrogenous bases extend into the interior. the bases of a pair are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds
• when the DNA sequences match in this way, such that they can stick to each other in an antiparallel fashion and form of helix, they are to be complementary