Quiz SA

• Principles of apartheid

  • Composed of four racial groups, each with its own inherent and separate cultures
  • White people were considered the civilised race and entitled to absolute power over the interests of all
  • The white race was considered a single entity despite comprising the Afrikaner and English-speaking people
  • Different tribes of black African people needed to be kept separate from each other in their own best interests
• Racial groups in South Africa in 1948

  • Black Africans
  • Coloureds
  • Asians
  • Whites
• Racial groups

  • 'Whites'
  • 'Blacks'
• The three new universities

  • Strictly segregated: one Zulu, one Indian, and one African Transvaal
• Recommendations from the report

  • African culture should be protected and allowed to develop its own pastoral traditions
  • A curriculum should be built around the limited skills needed to function as cheap labour
  • Creation of a Bantu education department
• Changes brought about by the Bantu Education Act

  • Authority for African education moved from the education department to the department for native affairs
  • Ended state money for mission schools
  • A new African curriculum was set up which was solely vocational (educated them to their stations)
• Under the Suppression of Communism Act (1950)

  • Communism was a euphemism for any form of unrest
  • The Act could be used to imprison anyone for anything the authorities deemed subversive
  • It could ban organisations and individuals from contacting others for periods of up to 5 years by the use of banning orders. For many, this meant house arrest
• Demands of the Freedom Charter

  • Equal rights for all in South Africa
• Forms of peaceful protest previously taken

  • Strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations
• Members who joined MK

  • Members from the outlawed Communist Party
• 4 aims of the ANC under Tambo’s leadership

  • Oversee the growing number of exiles
  • Control the actions of MK
  • Raise funds
  • Set up ANC offices around the world
• 4 ways Tambo reorganised the ANC

  • He coordinated exiles, MK and funds
  • He expelled those who dissented from the party line
  • He made a visit to Vietnam in 1978 to study how the NVA won against the US. The ANC subsequently changed tactics
  • He visited countries around the world to win legitimacy
• Countries with particularly strong support for the ANC

  • Canada
  • the Netherlands
  • Scandinavia
• Activities of BOSS

  • Coordinated the activities of the SADF, the police, and the quasi-legal bodies beneath them
  • Reported directly to the Prime Minister
  • Activities were secret
• Causes of the Soweto Uprising

  • Overcrowding
  • The Black Consciousness movement
  • Urbanisation
  • Leadership
• Organisations banned

  • 16 organisations were banned, and the government took the opportunity to ban groups who weren’t even involved in the uprising
• Recommendations from the Wiehann report

  • African unions should be registered with the government
  • Black unions should have access to the industrial court
  • Black trade unions should have the right to strike with 30 days notice
• Chambers in the tricameral Parliament

  • House of Assembly, comprising 178 white members
  • House of Representatives, comprising 85 coloured members
  • House of Delegates, comprising 45 Indian members
• Effects of the States of Emergency

  • Widespread
  • Increased SADF presence in the townships exacerbated social tensions
  • Little accountability and at least 43 deaths were recorded and up to 30,000 arrests
  • Legitimised excess use of force and activists often went missing or died in mysterious circumstances
  • Banned the UDF
  • International condemnation, although Britain and America stopped short of economic sanctions
  • Resistance to the regime grew
• Things the State of Emergency allowed Botha to do

  • Instate curfews
  • Control National and International media
  • Banning of opposition groups and of individuals
  • Restrict freedom of movement
• Factors that pushed the momentum of the uprising

  • Student and worker protests
• Focus for action and political organisation in many townships

  • The Freedom Charter
• Massive increase in support for

  • The exiled ANC
• Vigilante groups

  • Sprung up in the chaos
  • Supported different ideas
• Reasons for limited impact of economic sanctions

  • Countries in Southern Africa needed to maintain trade links with South Africa
  • Countries that wished to continue trading, notably Israel, could always get round them
• Points of the 1989 New Course

  • The ban on certain political parties was to be lifted
  • The State of Emergency was partially eased
  • Censorship and the death penalty were abolished
  • Political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, were released
• Features of the new constitution

  • South Africa divided into nine provinces, each with its own elected government and civil service
  • A Bill of Rights protected by a Constitutional Court
  • The new system could only be amended by a ⅔ majority of the popular vote
  • Guaranteed power sharing for 5 years
  • While the President would come from the leading party, the Deputy President could come from any party with over 25% of the vote
  • Any party with more than 5% could have a minister appointed from it
• Future government guarantees

  • Guarantee rights of all current civil servants
  • Accept power sharing between leading parties - a government of national unity
• Results of the record of understanding

  • The release of all political prisoners
  • The banning of Pangas (makeshift knives)
  • Restrictions on Inkatha hostel workers
• Committees of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

  • Amnesty Committee
  • Human Rights Committee
  • Reparation and Reconciliation Committee