Milgram 13 (ordinary man)

• who were the p's ?

  -20 participants
• what was the procedure ?

  -3x participants, 2 of which are confederates

  -Rigged draw, extra confederate had the role of noting down times etc.

  -They strapped the learner into the chair and then received a mild electric shock, the experimenter didn't tell the teacher to increase the voltage of the shocks

  -experimenter left the room to take a phone call and told the teacher to continue on

  -the 2nd confederate suggested increasing the shock voltage every time the learner got the answers wrong
• aim

  to see how an ordinarily dressed man giving the instructions would affect the results / study impact of power realisations on obedience
• results


  -obedience fell to 20% (16/20 refused)
• what did the 16 who refused go on to ?

  a second part to the experiment - the 2nd confederate would suggest swapping places so they could give the shocks. All participants protested and 5 physically restrained the confederate
• conclusion


  power of authority does impact obedience
• evaluation


  ✔️less pressure from experimenter = improves right to withdraw - more ethical / no prompts / easier to withdraw / less psychological harm

  ✖️low mundane realism - still not testing obedience in a natural way

  ✔️high applicability - uniform & teachers/police etc

  ✖️Androcentric & ethnocentric bias
• What does Mr. Williams explain to the participant before being called away in this variation of the Milgram experiment?

  The procedure
• 1. Williams instructs the teachers to increase the shock by 15V with each incorrect answer.

  False
• In this variation, Mr. Williams does not tell the teachers to increase the shock by 15V
• What role does the second confederate play in the Milgram experiment as described in the study material?

  Writing down the times
• The second confederate suggests increasing the voltage by 15V
• The second confederate is a genuine participant unaware of the experiment's true purpose.

  False
• In the ordinary man variation, what percentage of participants obeyed by going to 450V?

  20%
• Milgram believed that the status of the authority figure was the only factor influencing obedience.

  False
• Milgram concluded that other features such as the instructions and the shock generator also influenced obedience
• What other features of the situation did Milgram believe influenced obedience besides the authority figure's status?

  Instructions and shock generator
• What happens when the participant and the confederate switch roles in the Milgram experiment?

  The participant becomes a bystander
• In the Milgram experiment variation where roles are reversed, the participant watches someone else deliver the shocks
• When the participant switches roles with the confederate, they become a bystander in the Milgram experiment
• In the Milgram experiment, what voltage did 68.75% of participants allow the confederate to reach?

  450V
• In the Milgram experiment, all 16 participants refused to administer any shocks.

  False
• In the Milgram experiment, five participants attempted to unplug the shock generators or restrain the confederate
• What percentage of participants in the Milgram experiment complied up to 450V?

  68.75%
• Steps taken by participants in the Milgram experiment

  1️⃣ Participants were instructed to administer shocks.

  2️⃣ Some participants protested or tried to stop the experiment.

  3️⃣ Most participants continued to administer shocks up to 450V.
• The Milgram experiment demonstrated that most people are willing to obey authority figures even if it harms others.
• What was Milgram testing in this variation of his obedience experiments?

  The power of authority
• Milgram believed the wording of commands was more influential than the authority figure giving them

  False
• In this variation, the sample size was 20 participants.
• What role was assigned to the second confederate in this variation?

  Recording times
• The victim in this variation was unaware that the draw was rigged
• Steps in the procedure of Milgram's "Ordinary Man" variation

  1️⃣ Experimenter leaves the lab

  2️⃣ Confederate suggests increasing shock levels

  3️⃣ Participants continue the experiment

  4️⃣ Learning information is recorded automatically
• What instruction did the experimenter give before leaving the lab?

  Record learning information
• The confederate in this variation suggested increasing the shock level after each mistake to one step.
• What was the obedience rate in the "Ordinary Man" variation of Milgram's experiments?

  20%
• Obedience was significantly higher in the "Ordinary Man" variation compared to the baseline

  False
• What was one issue that affected the credibility of the "Ordinary Man" variation?

  Awkward experimenter departure
• The aim of the "Ordinary Man" variation was to strip the commands of any authoritative source.
• Match the elements of Milgram's experiments with their descriptions:

  Experimenter ↔️ Authority figure

  Confederate ↔️ Accomplice of the experimenter

  Participant ↔️ Subject being tested
• What was the only element in the "Ordinary Man" variation not defined by authority?

  Exact shock level