BIOCHEM

• Compounds isolated from nonliving systems, such as rocks and ores, the atmosphere, and the oceans, were labeled inorganic
• The ultimate goal of biochemistry is to explain all life processes in molecular detail
• Types of Hydrocarbon

  • ALKANE
  • ISOMERS
  • NOMENCLATURE
• NOMENCLATURE

  Naming of organic compounds is facilitated through the use of formal systems of nomenclature. The most widely used standards for organic nomenclature evolved from suggestions made by a group of chemists assembled for that purpose in Geneva in 1892 and have been revised on a regular basis by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
• For many years, scientists thought organic compounds could be made by only living organisms because they possessed a vital force found only in living systems
• Biochemistry

  The study of the chemistry of living things, including organic molecules and their chemical reactions
• Because life processes are performed by organic molecules, the discipline of biochemistry relies heavily on fundamental principles of organic chemistry and other basic sciences
• ALKANE


  • Hydrocarbons in which all the bonds are single, have molecular formulas that satisfy the general expression CnH2n + 2, carbon is sp3 hybridized, and each C—C and C—H bond is a sigma (σ) bond. Examples include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8)
• The IUPAC rules assign names to unbranched alkanes according to the number of their carbon atoms. The n- prefix is not used for unbranched alkanes in systematic IUPAC nomenclature. Beginning with five-carbon chains, the names of unbranched alkanes consist of a Latin or Greek stem corresponding to the number of carbons in the chain followed by the suffix -ane
• Scientists of the 18th and early 19th centuries studied compounds obtained from plants and animals and labeled them organic because they were isolated from “organized” (living) systems
• Organic Compounds

  Hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other important energy sources
• Objectives of the lesson

  • 1. Distinguish the structure of common classes of organic compounds from one another
  • 2. Draw the structure or give the name of an organic compound following the rules of IUPAC
  • 3. Compare and contrast the physical properties of the classes of organic compounds among each other
• ISOMERS

  Different compounds that have the same molecular formula are called isomers. Isomers that differ in the order in which the atoms are connected are said to have different constitutions and are referred to as constitutional isomers
• Cycloalkanes

  • Cyclopropane (C3H6), Cyclohexane (C6H12)
• Alkanes naming convention

  • The names of unbranched alkanes consist of a Latin or Greek stem corresponding to the number of carbons in the chain followed by the suffix -ane
• Benzene

  An organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6, composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each
• Alkenes

  • Ethene (C2H4)
• Naming convention for alcohols

  Replacing the final -e of the parent hydrocarbon with -ol and including the number of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached
• Cycloalkane

  Organic compounds where a sequence of carbon atoms closes to form a ring
• Nomenclature of benzene derivatives

  Substituents attached to the parent chain are listed in alphabetical order and their positions identified by number
• Alkynes

  • Ethyne (C2H2)
• Alkene

  Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond with a general formula of CnH2n
• Alkyne

  Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond with a general formula of CnH2n − 2
• Alcohols are classified according to the number of other carbon atoms that are directly bonded to the carbon atom attached to the hydroxyl group
• Nomenclature of higher alkenes and alkynes

  Counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an -ene (alkene) or -yne (alkyne) suffix to the stem name of the unbranched alkane having that number of carbons
• Cycloalkanes

  Saturated hydrocarbons containing one ring with a general formula of CnH2n
• Thiols

  Organic compounds containing the sulfhydryl functional group, –SH
• Ethers

  Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom between 2 carbon atoms in a chain
• Naming a primary amine

  Add the -amine suffix to the name of the chain or ring to which it is attached, removing the -e from the name
• Naming a ketone

  Assign the suffix -one to ketones. The position of the carbonyl function is usually given by a location number
• Naming a carboxylic acid

  Start with the alkane name for the longest chain, include the carbon atom in the carboxyl group. Replace the -e suffix with -oic, followed by the word acid
• Naming an aldehyde

  Assign the suffix -al to aldehydes
• Naming an alcohol

  Replace the final -e of the parent hydrocarbon with -ol. Include the number of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Assign the lowest number to the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group
• Naming an ether

  Add the suffix -oxy to the smaller hydrocarbon group bonded to the larger alkane group
• Alcohol

  An organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly bonded to a carbon atom
• Naming a thiol

  Add the suffix -thiol to the end of the alkane name
• Aldehydes and Ketones

  Organic compounds with a carbonyl functional group, C=O
• Carboxylic Acid

  Organic compounds containing a carboxyl group, –COOH
• Synthesis of ethers

  Can be synthesized from the reaction of alcohols. A molecule of water is produced in a condensation reaction
• Amines

  Derivatives of ammonia (NH3) where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with substituent groups like alkyl or aryl groups