Tulving LTM

• what is LTM?


  continual storage if info which is largely outside of our awareness, but can be recorded when needed
• What is its capacity?

  potentially unlimited and can hold information for until we want to retrieve it
• what did Tulving suggest about MSM?

  its view of LTM was inflexible
• What did Tulving Propose about LTM?

  Tulving proposed that there are two stores of LTM

  episodic - personal experiences

  semantic - knowledge and facts
• what is the first store of the LTM?

  semantic
• what is semantic memory?

  mental encyclopedia of facts
• what is semantic memory not linked to?

  time referencing

  e.g. you can recall the capital of France as Paris without knowing where or how or when you learnt it.
• despite not being times stamped, how can semantic memory be interwoven with episodic?

  E.g. what was happening in a lesson when you learnt certain facts unless it's something unusual
• how can semantic memory be input?

  in a fragmentary way

  Can learn things independently and link them in a temple of form later
• What is recall not dependent upon in semantic memory?

  context

  can be based on rational generalizations logic

  does not change the memory trace
• what is semantic memory less vulnerable to?

  distortion and forgetting
• What does cement memory all allow us to do?

  mentally represent things like people, places and objects that aren't present
• What parts of the brain are involved in semantic memory?

  the hippocampus

  it is involved in learning and emotion and forms new memories and organizes them with related memories and emotions

  The temple lobes are involved in hearing identifying objects, understanding, language, and storing memories
• What is episodic memory?

  mental diary of personal events it is autobiographical
• What is episodic memory linked to?

  Time and context dependent e.g. your first day of school is linked to the date it occurred.
• what can episodic memory be susceptible to as recall is dependent in the context in which the event was learned/experienced

  transformation when record and is vulnerable to distortion and forgetting
• what does episodic memory allow us to do?

  Time, travel and sync back to past events and relive them e.g. laughing a joke that you heard last week because such memories are subjective
• Several elements interweave to produce one memory?

  people, places, objects, e.g. remember where and smell
• what is autoneotic consciousness?

  Recording the past events we may not record all details but we are aware it happened. e.g. it wasn't a dream.
• what parts of the brain of linked to episodic memory?

  The prevent cortex controls the highest levels of thinking and conscious functions like empathy and self perception

  The temporal lobe is involved in hearing identifying objects, understanding, language, and storing memories
• what type of memory did tulving add?

  procedural
• What is procedural memory?

  Stores our knowledge of how to do things. Includes memories of learned skills.

  Unconcious Recall
• Given example of procedural memory

  Clive Wearing still remember how to play the piano despite his brain damage
• can semantic memories operate without episodic?


  yes e.g remember facts without recalling the lesson you learnt it in
• can episodic memories operate without semantic?


  no

  episodic memories are dependent on semantic

  We do need to remember previous of people, objects and events in order to understand personal memories

  mentally represent e.g. friends are talkative
• are episodic and semantic memories interrelated?

  they are independent
• How are episodic and semantic links disrupted?

  in Alzheimer's disease
• which memory is disrupted first?

  episodic because the hippocampus is affected first
• what do patients later lose the ability to use?

  semantic memory like the meaning of words

  this could be explained as damage moves to the frontal lobes
• what did Godden and Baddeley do?

  - they had divers learn and recall word list in two separate environments; under water and on dry land
• What did Godden and Baddeley find?

  highest recall when initial context matched recall environment
• applications of cue dependent recall in police interview


  could take witness to crime scene to trigger episodic memory
• applications of cue dependent recall in alzheimer's

  box of memories with pictures and significant awards
• applications of cue dependent recall in learning

  Study in the context of the exam in silence
• who is there supporting evidence from for LTM?

  HM his semantic memory was unaffected, but his episodic was floored. He couldn't remember stroking a dog an hour ago and couldn't remember owning a dog, but he remembered what the concept of a dog was this supports the idea of two separate stores in LTM.
• why may HM be weakness

  as we don't know what baseline memory was like in the case study as there's no way to measure it as it is a unique situation
• Tulving's theory suggests a distinction between episodic memory and more general memory
• Match the type of long-term memory with its description:

  Procedural memory ↔️ Memory of how to do things

  Declarative memory ↔️ Memory of meaningful events

  Episodic memory ↔️ Memory of particular events

  Semantic memory ↔️ Memory of relationships and meanings
• Procedural memory is the memory of how to do things, such as tying shoelaces
• Episodic memories are perceptually encoded