Chapter 1 - Cell Structure

• What are the two types of cells?

  • Eukaryotic (plant and animal)
  • Prokaryotic (bacteria)
• What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are much smaller. They have a loop of DNA and plasmids instead of a nucleus.

  
  

  Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes, as well as a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.
• List the components of both animal and plant cells(5)

  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• List the additional sub-cellular structures found in plant cells(3)

  • Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell wall
• Other than storing genetic material, what is the function of the nucleus?

  To control the activities of the cell
• What is the function of cytoplasm?

  Where chemical reactions take place
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  To control what comes in and out of the cell
• What is the function of the mitochondria?

  Where aerobic respiration takes place
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Where protein synthesis takes place
• What is the function of the plant cell wall?

  To provide structure, support and protection
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?

  Cell sap
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Where photosynthesis takes place
• Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function(4)

  • Long tail - Helps movement of cell
  • Middle section - Transfers energy
  • Acrosome - Store digestive enzymes
  • Large nucleus - Contains DNA
• Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function(3)

  • Dendrites - Makes connections
  • Axon - Carries nerve impulses
  • Synapses - Passes the impulses
• Describe how ciliated epithelial cells in animals are adapted to their function

  • Cytoplasm on hair - Moves waste up to throat
• Describe how red blood cells in animals are adapted to their function(4)

  • Biconcave discs - Increased surface area
  • Haemoglobin - Binds to oxygen
  • No nucleus - More space for haemoglobin
• Describe how muscle cells in animals are adapted to their function(4)

  • Special proteins - Makes fibres contract
  • Mitochondria - Transfers energy
  • Can store glycogen - Used for respiration
• What is the function of a nerve cell?


  To carry electrical impulses around the body
• What is the function of a sperm cell?


  To fertilise the egg cell
• What is the function of a ciliated epithelial cell?

  To move the mucus in the trachea and bronchi up to the throat
• What is the function of a red blood cell?

  To carry oxygen around the body
• What is the function of a muscle cell?

  To move the bones and body
• Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function(2)

  • Large surface area - Absorb nutrients and water
  • Thin walls - To not restrict water absorbtion
• What are 5 examples of animal cells?

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Egg cells
  • Sperm cells
• What are 3 examples of plant cells?

  • Root hair cells
  • Palisade cells
  • Pollen
• What is the equation for magnification?

  Magnification(M) = Image size(I)/Actual size(A)

  M = I/A
• What is the equation for actual size?

  Actual size(A) = Image size(I)/Magnification(M)

  A = I/M
• What is the equation for Image size?

  Image size(I) = Actual size(A) x Magnification(M)

  I = A x M
• What is the definition of resolution?

  The ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together
• What is the definition of magnification?

  How many times the size of an image is larger than the actual image itself
• A bacterial cell is 0.002mm long. A magnified image of the cell is 18mm long. What is the magnification?

  x 9000
• A plant cell is 0.08mm wide. It is examined under a x 400 microscopic lens. Calculate the size of the magnified image.

  32 mm
• A specimen is observed under x 1500 magnification. The magnified image is 10.5 mm wide. What is the real width of the specimen? Give your answer in μm.

  7 μm
• What is the cell wall made out of?

  Cellulose