Attatchment

• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Reciprocity is a type of interaction where infants and caregivers respond to each other's signals and expressions.
• When do babies show reciprocity to caregivers?

  Babies show reciprocity from birth.
• What are periods of alertness in infants?

  Periods when babies are more receptive to interaction, tracking caregivers, making eye contact, or using verbal signals.
• How often should caregivers detect alertness signals?

  Caregivers should detect alertness signals about two-thirds of the time (Feldman 2007).
• What can contribute to missing alertness signals?

  Stress and distractions can lead to missed alertness signals (Feldman 2007).
• How did Brazelton et al. (1975) describe caregiver-infant interaction?

  As a 'dance' where each responds to the other's moves.
• What is the purpose of the Still Face experiment?

  To investigate how a parent’s reactions affect a baby's emotional development.
• What happens during the 'still face' phase of the experiment?

  The caregiver does not interact with the infant for two minutes, leading to changes in the infant's behavior.
• What are the initial behaviors of infants during the 'still face' phase?

  Confusion, attempts to initiate a response, and distress.
• What does the Still Face experiment suggest about infants?

  Infants actively engage and shape social interaction with caregivers and can understand emotional connections.
• What is interactional synchrony?

  The mirroring of facial expressions, bodily movements, and emotions between two people.
• How does interactional synchrony contribute to attachment?

  It enables secure attachment between an infant and caregiver.
• What did Isabella et al. (1989) find about synchrony and attachment?

  Higher levels of synchrony are associated with more secure attachment in infants.
• What was the focus of Meltzo and Moore's (1977) study?

  The study focused on interactional synchrony between caregivers and infants.
• What method did Meltzo and Moore use in their study?

  An adult model displayed facial expressions and hand gestures while infants' responses were recorded.
• What was done to prevent infants from reacting during the study?

  A dummy (pacifier) was placed in the infant's mouth to prevent facial responses.
• At what age did interactional synchrony begin according to Meltzo and Moore?

  Interactional synchrony began as young as two weeks old.
• What did Murray and Tervarthen (1985) find about infants' responses?

  Infants showed distress when their mothers did not interact with them, indicating active participation.
• What is a strength of Meltzo and Moore's study?

  The study was filmed, allowing for later analysis and reducing ambiguity in responses.
• What is a limitation of using infants in research?

  Infants lack coordinated movements, making it difficult to test their behaviors accurately.
• What does the Still Face Experiment suggest about ecological validity?

  It may lack ecological validity, as lab settings can exaggerate or inhibit natural behaviors.
• What is the purpose of behavioural categories in observational research?

  They allow observers to tally observations into pre-arranged groupings.
• Give an example of a behavioural category in caregiver-infant observations.


  Mother picking up the baby when it cries.
• How do behavioural categories improve research reliability?

  They provide a clear focus for the researcher and allow for more objective data recording.
• What is a disadvantage of relying on a researcher's interpretation?

  It is too subjective and opinion-based.
• What is one benefit of using categories in data analysis?

  Categories provide data that is easier to quantify and analyze.
• What real-world applications does Harlow's research have?

  It helps understand the effects of lack of parental bonding on development.
• What are humans and monkeys classified as?

  Primate mammals
• How do humans compare to monkeys?

  Humans are more complex than monkeys
• What ethical issues arose from Harlow's experiments?

  They caused severe distress to monkeys
• What was a significant effect of Harlow's study on monkeys?

  Difficulty forming relationships and abnormal behavior
• Is Harlow's study considered ethically sound?

  No, it is not ethically sound
• What did Harlow's findings contradict?

  The learning theory of attachment
• What did Harlow find about baby monkeys' attachment?

  They preferred 'contact comfort' over food
• What does the learning theory of attachment suggest?

  Attachment is formed based on food association
• What should evaluations of Harlow's work focus on?

  Strengths and limitations of the study
• Who identified the stages of attachment?

  Schafer & Emerson
• What is the first stage of attachment?

  Asocial stage
• What age range does the asocial stage cover?

  From birth to two months
• What behaviors are observed in the asocial stage?

  Behaviors towards humans and inanimate objects are similar