Geol11 LE1

• Geology etymology:

  "geos" - earth

  "logos" - discourse
• What is the science that pursues an understanding of the Earth?

  Geology
• These are being studied under Geology:

  • its origin and history
  • the processes that shaped it
  • resources that could be obtained from it
• Geology as a discipline:

  • relevance of time
  • issue of scale
  • complexity of replicating natural systems and phenomena in the laboratory
• Geology as a discipline: the relevance of time

  • evolution
  • mountain-building (orogeny) - gradual
  • natural disasters - instantaneous
• Geology as a discipline: issue of scale

  • thin section - microscopic
  • geologic formations - macroscopic
• Geology as a discipline: complexity of replicating natural systems and phenomena in the laboratory

  • formation of the Philippines
  • rock cycle
• Branches of Geology:

  1. Historical Geology
  2. Physical Geology
• Physical Geology:

  • Mineralogy
  • Mining Geology
  • Geochemistry
  • Geophysics
  • Hydrology
• Historical Geology:

  • Paleontology
  • Stratigraphy
  • Geochronology
• Before Geology:

  1. Catastrophism
  2. Uniformitarianism
• Who proposed Catastrophism?

  Baron Georges Cuvier
• It states that a sudden worldwide catastrophes are the agents that alter the physical feature of the Earth over time. ?

  Catastrophism
• Who proposed Uniformitarianism? (aka Father of Geology)

  James Hutton
• What advocates the idea that the earth is continuously modified by geologic process that have operated throughout time (at different rates)?

  Uniformitarianism
• What is the key statement of Uniformitarianism?

  The present is the key to the past
• Formation of the Earth is an offshoot of the formation of the universe
• Big Bang Theory: Formation of the Universe

  Nebular Theory: Formation of the Solar System
• Who proposed the Big Bang Theory? (Belgian priest)

  Georges Lemaitre
• Based on the Big Bang theory, where did the universe originated?

  large cosmic "explosion"
• According to the Big Bang theory, when did the "explosion" happened?

  13.7 BYA
• Who justified Lemaitre's theory through his observation of the universe?

  Edwin Hubble
• What is the observation that Hubble had?

  The universe is continuously expanding and moving away from each other
• What are the 4 evidences of Big Bang?

  1. abundance of light elements: H and He
  2. Hubble's law.
  3. redshift of galaxies
  4. Cosmic microwave background radiation
• How did we conclude the age of the universe?

  1. oldest object (14 BYA)
  2. measuring the speed of expansion
• Limitations of Big Bang Theory:

  1. What was present before the universe?
  2. Will the universe end?
  3. How will it cease to exist?
• Alternative theories:

  • Steady-state theory - universe is the same, constant

  • Theological theory - belief of one creator
• Elements are synthesized in discrete stages during the lifetime of a star
• Who proposed the Nebular hypothesis?

  Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon de Laplace
• This theory states that the solar system originated

  from a single rotating cloud of gas and dust (solar

  nebula) starting 4.6 billion years ago, which contracted due to gravity?

  Nebular hypothesis
• How are systems formed in universe? (Nebular hypothesis)

  1. Solar Nebula
  2. Gravitational Collapse
  3. Accretion Disk
  4. Protostar
  5. Planetesimals
  6. Protoplanets
  7. Inner and Outer Planet
  8. Solar Wind
• Sun is mostly made up of what element? (It is a principal product of the Big Bang)

  Hydrogen
• Sun is a middle-aged star or yellow dwarf
• Sun's center become compressed enough to initiate nuclear reactions, consequently emitting light and energy (sun became star)
• Planets' composition depended on the distance from the sun.

  1. Terrestrial Planets -near
  2. Jovian Planets -far
• What do you call the classification of planets closest to the sun?

  Terrestrial Planets
• What classification of planets have rocky composition which consisted of large silicate rocks and metals (Si, Fe, O)?

  Terrestrial Planets
• What planets belong to the terrestrial planets ?

  Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• What is least explored terrestrial planet ?

  Mercury
• What is the hottest planet due to greenhouse effect ?

  Venus