(A-Level English Lang) SPOKEN LANGUAGE

• Pragmatic Understanding


  Something that needs prior knowledge to understand
• Semantic meaning


  The literal meaning without implication
• Stubbs Dichotomy

  Stubbs believes speech and writing are on a spectrum of Pure written to pure spoken.
• Multi-modal text


  A text that has features of written and spoken language
• Pragmatic meaning 


  Intended meaning and implication
• Crystal‘s Spoken List


  Spontaneous and contains non fluency features
• Crystals spoken list


  Two way interactive activity with immediate feedback
• Crystals Written List


  Planned out and mistakes can be edited and extra words are redundant
• Crystals Written List


  One way activity, no immediate feedback
• Crystals Spoken List


  Conveyed by sound
• Crystals Written List


  Conveyed by written symbols
• Crystals Spoken List


  Informal and colloquial with low status in society
• Crystals Written List


  Complex, higher standard and technical with higher status in society
• Crystals Spoken List


  often non-linear structure due to frequent topic change
• Crystals written list


  More carefully and logically structured
• Crystals Spoken List


  Accent and dialect are present
• Crystals Written lists


  Standard English used
• Crystals Written list


  Not context bound as there is no shared context with reader so everything is explained
• Crystals spoken list


  Context bound and can be unspecific and listener can ask for more info
• Crystal spoken list


  Impermanent
• Crystal Written list


  Permanent
• Grice’s Maxims

  Quality, Quantity, Manner, Relation
• Grice’s Maxim of Quality

  Don’t say what you know is untrue, or that you have no evidence to back
• Grice‘s Maxim of Quantity

  Reply’s must be as informational as need be however don’t add too much information
• Grice’s Maxim of Manner

  Don’t hide expressions and don’t make the utterance confusing
• Grice’s Maxim of Relation

  Stay relevant and on the topic of conversation
• To flout a Maxim

  openly disregard a maxim
• To violate a Maxim

  To flout on purpose with malicious intent
• To adhere to a Maxim

  To follow all maxims
• Opt out 


  To choose not to participate
• Clash of maxims 


  Choosing to adhere to a maxim over others
• Politeness Markers

  Thank you, please, excuse me
• Goffmann

  “Without politeness, all is lost”
• Goffman theory of ’face’

  Face represents a positive social representation of ourselves
• Goffmans theory of face

  ’Face work’ is using strategies to protect ‘faces’ in a conversation
• Levinson and Browns Face theory

  Positive Facework: appealing to somebodies desire to feel good about themselves
• Levinson and Brown face theory

  Negative Facework: appealing to someone’s to desire to be respected
• Levinson and brown face theory

  Face Threatening act (FTA): risk that face could be lost
• Levinson and brown face theory

  Bald Face Threatening Act (BFTA): purposefully not using politeness strategies