Individual Differences

• What do cognitive theories of memory tend to ignore?

  Individual differences
• Individuals may employ different strategies for encoding memories, such as chunking or elaborative rehearsal.
• What are affected by cultural differences in memory?

  Schemas
• Who conducted the first cross-cultural research into memory?

  Mary Mullen
• Asian students' first autobiographical memories occur later than Caucasian students'.
• According to Katherine Nelson, what encourages better autobiographical memory in children?

  Elaborate narrative tales
• Which cultural group studied by Harlene Hayne had the earliest autobiographical memories?

  Maoris
• In Western culture, over-reliance on computers may lead to "digital amnesia
• What does Maria Wimber suggest happens to the brain when we outsource long-term memory to technology?

  Memory-making decreases
• Stages of memory accuracy according to Loftus et al.'s study

  1️⃣ 26-35 year-olds

  2️⃣ Adults

  3️⃣ Elderly

  4️⃣ Children
• Elderly individuals are more suggestible than younger adults in memory tasks.
• In Loftus' study, which group scored the highest accuracy in memory recall?

  26-35 year-olds
• Women were better than men at recognizing photographs of only female faces
• Introverts have better long-term memory due to higher cortical arousal when stressed.
• According to Freud, what causes childhood amnesia?

  Repressed childhood memories
• Which individual with brain damage inspired the character in the film "Rain Man"?

  Kim Peek
• What type of memory is commonly found in children but fades after age 6?

  Eidetic memory
• Eidetic memory is linked to IQ.

  False
• Hyperthymesia, also known as Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
• Who documented the case of A.J., a woman with hyperthymesia?

  James McGaugh
• What did Jill Price describe as a burden of having HSAM?

  Depression and stress
• Aurelien Hayman, another person with HSAM, regards his memory as a gift rather than a burden.
• Match the memory-related term with its description:

  Digital amnesia ↔️ Over-reliance on technology

  Hyperthymesia ↔️ Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

  Eidetic memory ↔️ Recall of details in children that fades
• What might cause exceptional memories in some individuals according to the study material?

  Excessive memorizing
• Loftus et al.'s natural experiment was conducted in a field setting
• There are no gender differences in memory among the over-65s according to the research.

  False
• Who is the subject of McGaugh's case study on hyperthymesia?

  A.J. (Jill Price)
• Autistic savants like Stephen Wiltshire can perform amazing memory feats
• Most autistic people are also autistic savants with exceptional drawing abilities.

  False
• How did Jill Price regard her hyperthymesia?

  As a burden
• Aurelien Hayman viewed his hyperthymesia as positive
• Steps to consider in eyewitness testimony based on Loftus et al.'s research

  1️⃣ Avoid leading questions for children

  2️⃣ Avoid leading questions for the elderly

  3️⃣ Take adult testimony in their 30s seriously
• Which age group has the best memory accuracy according to Loftus et al.?

  Adults in their 30s
• People with hyperthymesia are immune to suggestibility in their memories.

  False
• What was Kim Peek's role at his firm?

  Accountant
• Kim Peek's replacement required two normal accountants and a computer
• Schemas can explain why some people are more suggestible than others in memory.
• Why might children have more suggestible memories according to schemas?

  Lack of developed schemas
• Educated people might use different schemas from uneducated people.
• Police officers and lawyers consistently score higher in memory accuracy than other groups.

  False