Sperm, ovum

• What is the site of translation in a eukaryotic cell?

  Ribosomes on the RER
• What happens when the Golgi vesicle fuses with the cell membrane?

  It releases proteins outside the cell
• What does a nuclear pore allow to leave the nucleus?

  mRNA strand
• What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

  It modifies proteins
• What is the function of a Golgi vesicle?

  Packages the protein
• What does ATP act as when hydrolysed?

  Immediate source of energy
• Which transport method requires ATP?

  Active transport
• Why is ATP needed for exocytosis?

  To transport proteins out of the cell
• What do molecular motors bind to for energy?

  ATP
• How are mammalian gametes specialized for their functions?

  • Adapted for sexual reproduction
  • Unique structures and functions
  • Different from other body cells
• What is the structure of a human ovum?

  Contains cytoplasm, nucleus, and lysosomes
• What is the function of the zona pellucida?

  It hardens after sperm entry
• How does the ovum's cytoplasm support embryo development?

  Contains protein and lipid reserves
• What is the size comparison between sperm and ovum?

  Sperm is smaller than ovum
• What is the role of the acrosome in sperm?

  Digest a pathway through follicle cells
• What do mitochondria in sperm provide?

  Energy in the form of ATP
• What are the differences between sperm and ovum?

  1. Size: Sperm is smaller; ovum is larger
  2. Structure: Sperm has a tail; ovum does not
  3. Food reserves: Sperm has little; ovum has many
  4. Special features: Sperm has acrosome; ovum has zona pellucida
  5. Production: Sperm produced continuously; ovum produced monthly
• What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

  Provide mechanical strength to cells
• How does the cytoskeleton aid in cell movement?

  Enables transport of proteins along microtubules
• What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

  Transcription and translation
• What organelles are involved in protein synthesis?

  Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
• What happens to proteins after synthesis?

  They are transported to their functional sites
• What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?

  • No nucleus
  • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • Contains ribosomes and cell membrane
  • Often has a cell wall