BIO 2

• Plants

  Producers, main support for food webs, Belong to the Domain Eukarya, Multicellular and Autotrophic, Made up of specialized tissues and organs, Absorb nutrients through roots or root-like structure called rhizoids
• Types of Plants

  • Thallophyta
  • Bryophyta
  • Pteridophyta
  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm
• Kingdom Plantae

  • Characteristics of Plantae
  • Evolution of Plants
  • Anatomy of a Flower
• Gymnosperm


  • Naked seed or cone-bearing plants, First seeded vascular plants, Seeds carried in cones, Example: Conifers
• Pteridophyta


  • First vascular plants to evolve, Seedless vascular plants, Have vascular tissues, Reproduce with spores, Have true roots, Example: Ferns
• Seed Germination


  Process in which plant grows from seed into seedling
• Monocot


  • One cotyledon, Fibrous root, Petals in multiples of 3, Narrow and parallel vein in leaf, Scattered arrangements of roots, One pore or furrow, Examples: bamboo, ginger, onion, palm
• Dicot


  • Two cotyledons, Tap root, Four or five petals, Oval and net-like veins in leaf, Circular vascular bundle, Three pores or furrows
• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Thallophyta


  • Lacks distinct roots, stems, and leaves, Appears to have a simple differentiated structure, Example: Algae
• Angiosperm


  • Flowering plants, Produce flowers, Seeds protected in fruit, Examples: Apples, Tomatoes
• Evolution of Plants

  • Plants and Algae
  • Thallophyta
  • Bryophyta
  • Pteridophyta
  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm
• Bryophyta


  • Very small, require moisture, Grow in damp shady areas, Lack vascular tissues and true roots, Grow low to the ground, Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
• Phloem


  Carries the sugar prepared by the leaves
• Types of Angiosperms

  • Monocot
  • Dicot
• Algae


  • Plant-like protist without specialized tissues or organs, Requires full-time moisture, Cell walls of cellulose, Cell plate formation, Chlorophyll pigment for photosynthesis, Food stored as starch
• ICOT


  • It has a tap root
  • Have four or five petals
  • Have an oval and net-like veins in leaf
  • Has a circular vascular bundle and have three pores or furrows
• Types of flowers

  • Complete flower
  • Incomplete flower
  • Imperfect flower
  • Perfect flower
• OVULE


  Small opening in the integuments permit the pollen tube to enter and discharge its sperm into the embryo sac
• ANIMALS


  • These are multicellular organisms with highly organized eukaryotic cells, which mostly reproduce sexually
  • Animals are heterotrophic
  • Capable of locomotion
• EXOSKELETON

  • Hard external skeleton that protects the outer surface of an organism and enables movement through muscles attached on the inside
  • Animals with exoskeleton undergo the process of molting
• ICOT


  Means two cotyledons
• ANATOMY OF FLOWER

  1. Flower attracts pollinators and the pollen is the sperm of the plant and it is the reproductive organ of a plant

  2. Stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower

  3. Filament is a slender stalk that bears the anther within which the pollen is formed

  4. Anther is part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen
• PISTIL / CARPEL

  • Female reproductive parts located in the center of a flower
  • Stigma collects pollen
  • Style supports the stigma
  • Ovary contains one or more ovules
• KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• MICROPYLE

  Provides a pathway for the pollen tube to reach the ovule
• XYLEM

  • Water and minerals are transported from roots to leaves
• PHYLUM CHORDATA


  • Most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom
  • Bilateral symmetry at some stage of the life cycle
• POLLINATION

  1. Process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma

  2. Self-pollination occurs when pollen from anther is transferred to the stigma of the same flower

  3. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species of another plant
• PHLOEM


  • Carries the sugar prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plant
• ENDOSKELETON

  Internal skeleton composed of hard, mineralized tissue that enables movement by attachment to muscles
• POLLEN TUBE

  • Special structure that grows within the style to form the pollen grain to the ovary of a flower
  • Acts as a channel for the transport of pollen from stigma to ovule
  • Main function is to transport sperm from the pollen grain to the ovary
• STEPS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FLOWERING PLANTS

  1. Pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower

  2. Pollen tube grows down to the style carrying the male gametes

  3. Male gametes will reach the ovary where it houses the egg cells

  4. Fertilization takes place producing zygote

  5. The fertilized ovule develops into a seed and the ovary transforms into a fruit
• Phylum Porifera are pore-bearing animals lacking true tissues
• Exoskeleton


  Hard-external skeleton that protects the outer surface of an organism and enables movement through muscles attached on the inside
• Phylum Platyhelminthes are found in freshwater, saltwater, and on land
• Invertebrates are cold-blooded animals with no backbone
• Cephalochordates have their notochords extend from their head region up to the tail end
• Phylum Porifera are all aquatic
• Skeleton

  Composed of hard, mineralized tissue that enables movement by attachment to muscles