Carbohydrates RG

• what are most carbs?

  polymers
• what are polymers?

  large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together
• what are monomers?

  small, basic molecular units
• give 3 examples of mononmers?


  nucleotides

  amino acids

  monosaccharides
• are monosaccharides monomers or polymers?

  monomers
• What do all carbohydrates contain?


  the elements C, H , O
• What monomers are carbohydrates made from?

  monosaccharides
• give examples of monosaccharides?

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
• What type of sugar is glucose?


  hexose
• describe glucose?


  • a hexose sugar
  • monosaccharide
  • six carbon atoms in each molecule
• what are the two types of glucose?

  alpha

  betas
• what are isomers?


  Molecules with the same molecular formula as each other, but with the atoms connected in a different way
• what are alpha and beta glucose?


  isomers
• what are monsaccharides?

  the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
• what does a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides form?


  a glycosidic bond
• how are disaccharides formed?

  by the condensation of two monosaccharides
• what is maltose?

  a disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules
• what is sucrose?

  a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
• what is lactose?

  a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule
• what 2 isomers does glucose have?

  alpha glucose and beta glucose
• Alpha glucose: (image from aqa)

  
• what is a condensation reaction?

  When two molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond, and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed
• how are monosaccharides joined together?

  by condensation reactions
• when is a disaccharide formed?

  when 2 monosaccharides join together
• beta glucose image from aqa

  
• What do hydrolysis reactions?

  break polymers apart
• how can polymers be broken down into monomers?

  by hydrolysis reactions
• what does a hydrolysis reaction do?

  Breaks the CHEMICAL BOND between monomers using a water molecuel
• what is hydrolysis the opposite of?

  condensation reaction
• what happens to the bond in hydrolysis?

  the bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule
• what is sugar a general term for?

  monosaccharides and disaccharides
• what can all sugars be classified as?

  reducing or non-reducing
• what test tests for sugars?

  the Benedict's test